{"id":11793,"date":"2021-01-03T06:40:03","date_gmt":"2021-01-03T06:40:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=11793"},"modified":"2021-01-03T06:40:03","modified_gmt":"2021-01-03T06:40:03","slug":"volcanic-eruptions-identifying-populations-at-risk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/earth-science\/volcanic-eruptions-identifying-populations-at-risk\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ee7i ro n\u00fai l\u1eeda to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/h3>\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m t\u1eeb n\u00fai l\u1eeda. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda, xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t phun tr\u00e0o, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 n\u00fai l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 cao nh\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n\n<p>Indonesia \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t b\u1edfi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 cao kh\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m Philippines, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Mexico, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Ecuador, \u00dd, El Salvador v\u00e0 Kenya. Nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 do c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda g\u00e2y ra, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c, d\u00f2ng b\u00f9n ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda<\/h3>\n\n<p>C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1600, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 278.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng do ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i do bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, chi\u1ebfm 24% s\u1ed1 ca t\u1eed vong n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n<p>V\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda Tambora \u1edf Indonesia v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1815 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda. V\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o d\u1eef d\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft 70.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t &#8220;n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f9a h\u00e8&#8221; \u1edf B\u00e1n c\u1ea7u B\u1eafc, g\u00e2y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i, khi\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1eed vong.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nguy c\u01a1 n\u00fai l\u1eeda<\/h3>\n\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng pyroclastic v\u00e0 lahar, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f2n g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n kh\u00e1c:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n giao th\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng:<\/strong> M\u00e2y tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n cho c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ee7y chuy\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm chuy\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u01a1 t\u00e1n:<\/strong> C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t \u00edt c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o, khi\u1ebfn cho vi\u1ec7c s\u01a1 t\u00e1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft:<\/strong> C\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho d\u00e2n s\u1ed1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ee7i ro n\u00fai l\u1eeda<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ee7i ro n\u00fai l\u1eeda li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda<\/li>\n<li>M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 n\u00fai l\u1eeda<\/li>\n<li>C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf quan tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1<\/li>\n<li>N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nguy c\u01a1 n\u00fai l\u1eeda<\/h3>\n\n<p>C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u n\u00fai l\u1eeda hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t n\u00fai l\u1eeda:<\/strong> Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc theo d\u00f5i nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o s\u1edbm v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra.<\/li>\n<li><strong>K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u01a1 t\u00e1n:<\/strong> L\u1eadp v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u01a1 t\u00e1n gi\u00fap c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd thi\u00ean tai:<\/strong> Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd thi\u00ean tai \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong v\u00e0 sau c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o<\/h3>\n\n<p>C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Montserrat, Saint Vincent v\u00e0 Grenadines, T\u00e2y \u1ea4n, Dominica, Azores, Saint Lucia, Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng-V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, El Salvador v\u00e0 Costa Rica l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u00fai l\u1eeda Turrialba c\u1ee7a Costa Rica \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ed3i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t khi m\u1ef1c dung nham d\u00e2ng cao, g\u00e2y ra r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h3>\n\n<p>C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>N\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ee7i ro n\u00fai l\u1eeda to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u M\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c cung&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[212],"tags":[15945,15944,15946,7435,15943],"class_list":["post-11793","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-earth-science","tag-volcanic-preparedness","tag-volcanic-risk-assessment","tag-volcanic-mitigation","tag-volcanic-eruptions","tag-volcanic-hazards"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11793","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11793"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11793\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11794,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11793\/revisions\/11794"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11793"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11793"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11793"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}