{"id":12162,"date":"2024-06-25T10:01:39","date_gmt":"2024-06-25T10:01:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=12162"},"modified":"2024-06-25T10:01:39","modified_gmt":"2024-06-25T10:01:39","slug":"humans-and-neanderthals-interbreeding-evidence-and-controversy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/anthropology\/humans-and-neanderthals-interbreeding-evidence-and-controversy\/","title":{"rendered":"Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal: H\u1ecd c\u00f3 lai gi\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal: H\u1ecd c\u00f3 lai gi\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/h2>\n\n

B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng di truy\u1ec1n<\/h2>\n\n

N\u0103m 2010, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi chia s\u1ebb 1-4% gen c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e2m ng\u00f2i cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn gay g\u1eaft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c li\u1ec7u t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lai gi\u1ed1ng hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n

Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft lai gi\u1ed1ng<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft lai gi\u1ed1ng cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a DNA Neanderthal trong b\u1ed9 gen c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lai t\u1ea1o. Theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 gen \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n

Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng lai gi\u1ed1ng<\/h2>\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 gen gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9 gen c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal mang m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u di truy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi ti\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Khi nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi n\u00e0y sinh ra lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a DNA Neanderthal trong b\u1ed9 gen hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n lai gi\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n

C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/h2>\n\n

Hai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lai gi\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean PNAS cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd giao ph\u1ed1i, trong khi m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean PLoS ONE l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 lai gi\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a PNAS<\/h2>\n\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a PNAS \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ch\u00e2u Phi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m di truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. H\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1ed9 gen c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 lai gi\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 lai gi\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con sinh ra c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a PLoS ONE<\/h2>\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a PLoS ONE l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 lai gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n 197-430 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a DNA c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 gen c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1-\u00c2u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n

Di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng<\/h2>\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng di truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 lai gi\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi DNA d\u1ec5 v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 suy lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a hai lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n

Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc Chris Stringer cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1m tr\u00e1n gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal di\u1ec5n ra theo t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee3t. Trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ebd ch\u1ea1m tr\u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n

T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u00e2n s\u1ed1<\/h2>\n\n

C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n t\u00edch di truy\u1ec1n. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t. Sau n\u00e0y khi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 di truy\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 lai gi\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n

DNA ti th\u1ec3<\/h2>\n\n

DNA ti th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di truy\u1ec1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9. S\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a DNA ti th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal trong b\u1ed9 gen c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ee9a con n\u00e0o sinh ra t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 lai gi\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n

C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/h2>\n\n

C\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal: H\u1ecd c\u00f3 lai gi\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng? B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng di truy\u1ec1n N\u0103m 2010, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi chia…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":23725,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1022],"tags":[3184,188,15848,1018,1019,487],"class_list":["post-12162","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-anthropology","tag-dna","tag-genetics","tag-population-genetics","tag-interbreeding","tag-neanderthals","tag-human-evolution"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12162","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12162"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12162\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12163,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12162\/revisions\/12163"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23725"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12162"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12162"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12162"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}