{"id":12340,"date":"2020-08-27T12:11:45","date_gmt":"2020-08-27T12:11:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=12340"},"modified":"2020-08-27T12:11:45","modified_gmt":"2020-08-27T12:11:45","slug":"alcohol-a-millennia-old-social-lubricant","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/archaeology\/alcohol-a-millennia-old-social-lubricant\/","title":{"rendered":"Alcohol: A Millennia-Old Social Lubricant and Catalyst for Civilization"},"content":{"rendered":"

R\u01b0\u1ee3u: Ch\u1ea5t b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7<\/h2>\n\n

B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 r\u01b0\u1ee3u th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n\n

Trong 10.000 n\u0103m, r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng bia, n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp mang t\u00ednh nghi l\u1ec5 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i b\u00ecnh minh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh.<\/p>\n\n

M\u00e1 l\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ea5u bia \u1edf Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c m\u00e1 l\u00fa n\u1ea5u bia c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n 11.000 n\u0103m t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ec7c t\u00f9ng mang t\u00ednh nghi l\u1ec5 \u1edf Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 n\u1ea5u bia.<\/p>\n\n

Bia l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong 10.000 n\u0103m<\/h2>\n\n

S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00e1 l\u00fa n\u1ea5u bia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1c nhau cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 10.000 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n

T\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n do r\u01b0\u1ee3u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c cho n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tin r\u1eb1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh. T\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n do r\u01b0\u1ee3u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u0103n b\u1eaft h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n

Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a bia trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n\n

R\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong c\u00e1c b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, bia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n

C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c mong \u0111\u1ee3i xung quanh c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n bia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc suy \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c mong \u0111\u1ee3i l\u1edbn lao trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n bia l\u1edbn s\u1eafp di\u1ec5n ra. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n\n

M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa bia v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/h2>\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c, v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ea5u bia, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 bia. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u1ea5u bia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u0103n h\u00f3a quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c u\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh tim v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u1ef5.<\/p>\n\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/h2>\n\n

R\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m. R\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c s\u0129.<\/p>\n\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u00e0ng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7. C\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng bia, n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp mang t\u00ednh nghi l\u1ec5 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i b\u00ecnh minh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh. R\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c u\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe. R\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n vui trong l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

R\u01b0\u1ee3u: Ch\u1ea5t b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 r\u01b0\u1ee3u th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Trong 10.000 n\u0103m, r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[191],"tags":[16675,88,97,27,6961,63,7965,2098],"class_list":["post-12340","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archaeology","tag-human-behavior","tag-archaeology","tag-science","tag-history","tag-alcohol","tag-culture","tag-civilization","tag-society"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12340","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12340"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12340\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12341,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12340\/revisions\/12341"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12340"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12340"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12340"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}