N\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa trung t\u00e2m mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Sudan, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Nubia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Makuria, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u1edbn t\u1eebng l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho di s\u1ea3n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y do nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Trung t\u00e2m Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i Ba Lan t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Warsaw th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf th\u00eam v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c b\u00ed \u1ea9n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n
Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd n\u1eb1m trong th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 ng\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Makuria, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Dongola c\u1ed5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Nubia. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, r\u1ed9ng 26 m\u00e9t v\u00e0 cao b\u1eb1ng t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ba t\u1ea7ng, cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 uy nghi v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u1edf Makuria.<\/p>\n\n
Apsidal, ph\u1ea7n linh thi\u00eang nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a nh\u00e0, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 M\u01b0\u1eddi hai t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh tinh x\u1ea3o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 10 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11, cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ngh\u1ec7 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nubia.<\/p>\n\n
Ngay ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a apsidal nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u00e1i v\u00f2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 l\u1edbn. Th\u00fa v\u1ecb thay, b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Faras, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nubia n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt kh\u00e1c n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa Sudan v\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u00e1i v\u00f2m c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 7,3 m\u00e9t so v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 1,5 m\u00e9t c\u1ee7a Faras.<\/p>\n\n
D\u1ef1a theo ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u1edf Faras, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i an ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Joannes, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Faras, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 suy \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 \u1edf Dongola c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i an ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh th\u00eam t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 uy nghi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf Makuria.<\/p>\n\n
Makuria l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh trong khu v\u1ef1c t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 6 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, Dongola c\u1ed5, c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Nile, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00e1nh xe n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n
V\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Makuria t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c l\u00e2n c\u1eadn, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Ai C\u1eadp H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Byzantine v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, Makuria v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 chung s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111i qua v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u1edf Dongola c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n
Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c trong truy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch b\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean, vinh quang c\u1ee7a Makuria \u0111\u00e3 phai m\u1edd v\u00e0o d\u0129 v\u00e3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Dongola c\u1ed5, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, mang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao, Makuria s\u00e1nh ngang v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi Dongola c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn quy m\u00f4 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Paris hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n
Dongola c\u1ed5 c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o s\u1edf h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1u v\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c. S\u1ea3nh ngai v\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng gia sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1 l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n
Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda tinh x\u1ea3o. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf Khartoum. Dongola c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o h\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ong \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng sau khi qu\u00e2n Mamluk c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp chinh ph\u1ee5c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14.<\/p>\n\n
C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111ang t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c ch\u1ebf ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. L\u1edbp v\u1eefa t\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u1ed1, c\u00e1c l\u1edbp b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i th\u00eam. Sau khi d\u1ef1ng xong m\u00e1i che b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n nh\u1eefng b\u00e1u v\u1eadt ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 mai sau.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u1edbn \u1edf Nubia th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 Dongola \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t N\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa trung t\u00e2m mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Sudan, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[191],"tags":[15413,16957,88,2984,27,6435,16956,3040,5196],"class_list":["post-12551","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archaeology","tag-frescoes","tag-old-dongola","tag-archaeology","tag-christianity","tag-history","tag-cathedral","tag-medieval-nubia","tag-sudan","tag-lost-city"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12551","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12551"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12551\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12552,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12551\/revisions\/12552"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12551"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12551"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12551"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}