{"id":12916,"date":"2021-05-14T21:30:25","date_gmt":"2021-05-14T21:30:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=12916"},"modified":"2021-05-14T21:30:25","modified_gmt":"2021-05-14T21:30:25","slug":"pullman-porters-legacy-of-service-and-struggle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/uncategorized\/pullman-porters-legacy-of-service-and-struggle\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman: Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman: Di s\u1ea3n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh<\/h2>\n\n

Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman trong ng\u00e0nh du l\u1ecbch M\u1ef9<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft M\u1ef9 trong g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. H\u1ecd ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 cho h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch tr\u00ean t\u00e0u, bao g\u1ed3m khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c h\u00e0nh l\u00fd, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e0y, d\u1ecdn gi\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 b\u1eefa \u0103n. \u0110\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi, \u0111\u01b0a tin t\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edd v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch da tr\u1eafng. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i kh\u00e1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111i chung toa t\u00e0u v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch da tr\u1eafng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n

S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 xe gi\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m<\/h2>\n\n

N\u0103m 1925, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 xe gi\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m Pullman \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 xe gi\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m (BSCP). BSCP l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n l\u1edbn. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman v\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho phong tr\u00e0o D\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i cho Hoa K\u1ef3. H\u1ecd gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft tr\u1edf n\u00ean tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n h\u01a1n cho h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n

\u0110\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi. H\u1ecd \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 tin t\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0110\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman c\u0169ng gi\u00fap ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi cho h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch da tr\u1eafng, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c quan ni\u1ec7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n\n

\u0110\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o D\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong phong tr\u00e0o D\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung v\u1edbi C\u00f4ng ty Pullman \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi kh\u00e1c. C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea9y chay xe bu\u00fdt Montgomery v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o D\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n

\u0110\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman ng\u00e0y nay<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft M\u1ef9, nh\u01b0ng di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o. Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman: Di s\u1ea3n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman trong ng\u00e0nh du l\u1ecbch M\u1ef9 \u0110\u1ed9i khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c Pullman l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[17452,2771,17454,1080,4037,17453],"class_list":["post-12916","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-labor-unions","tag-transportation","tag-railroad-history","tag-african-american-history","tag-civil-rights-movement","tag-pullman-porters"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12916","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12916"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12916\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12917,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12916\/revisions\/12917"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12916"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12916"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12916"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}