{"id":12940,"date":"2019-05-08T05:36:43","date_gmt":"2019-05-08T05:36:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=12940"},"modified":"2019-05-08T05:36:43","modified_gmt":"2019-05-08T05:36:43","slug":"azulejos-portugals-enchanting-ceramic-tile-art","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/art\/ceramic-art\/azulejos-portugals-enchanting-ceramic-tile-art\/","title":{"rendered":"Azulejos: Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt g\u1ea1ch men g\u1ed1m quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Azulejos: Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt g\u1ea1ch men g\u1ed1m quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha<\/h2>\n\n<p>Azulejos, nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch men g\u1ed1m tr\u00e1ng men s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec3m cho n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i th\u1ea5t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u1edf B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. V\u1edbi b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tinh x\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Azulejos<\/h3>\n\n<p>Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef &#8220;azulejo&#8221; b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp &#8220;azzelij&#8221;, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8220;\u0111\u00e1 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng&#8221;. Lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Moor du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, azulejos mang nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 hoa v\u0103n th\u1eaft n\u00fat, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, m\u1ed9t &#8220;phong c\u00e1ch s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u&#8221; \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 trang tr\u00ed cung \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n<p>Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, c\u00e1c h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh hoa, c\u00e1 heo v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh y\u00eau tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Kinh th\u00e1nh th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u00ean azulejos v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gian \u1ed1p g\u1ea1ch th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch truy\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c quan.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Azulejos trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/h3>\n\n<p>Azulejos kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trang tr\u00ed; ch\u00fang c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. Sau tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1755, azulejos \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a Lisbon, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn d\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u00edt t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m h\u01a1n. C\u1ea3nh quan c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh t\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n<p>V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt azulejos \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 ga xe l\u1eeda, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c. Ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 Maria Keil l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m azulejos t\u1ea1i 19 nh\u00e0 ga t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ea7m Lisbon, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ef3 \u1ea3o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u00f4n vinh thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Azulejos \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h3>\n\n<p>Azulejos ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh pixel \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh t\u01b0\u1eddng azulejos, trong khi nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 graffiti nh\u01b0 Diogo Machado \u0111ang k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u00ednh th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a azulejos v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c khu ph\u1ed1 \u0111ang h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng chung ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m Azulejos t\u1ea1i B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a azulejos, h\u00e3y gh\u00e9 th\u0103m nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba danh mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Tu vi\u1ec7n S\u00e3o Vicente de Fora:<\/strong> Chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp azulejos l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia Sintra:<\/strong> Ng\u1ee1 ng\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1ea3nh Heraldic, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c huy hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m \u1ed1p t\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh \u0111i s\u0103n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u00e9 Velha (Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd L\u1edbn \u1edf Coimbra):<\/strong> Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 v\u00e0 chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean azulejos tinh x\u1ea3o t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u1ea2 R\u1eadp.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Azulejo Qu\u1ed1c gia:<\/strong> \u0110\u1eafm m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m azulejos t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u1ebd tranh tr\u00ean g\u1ea1ch.<\/li>\n<li><strong>X\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Caroline Vidal:<\/strong> T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ebd tranh azulejos trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 Caroline Vidal \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Lisbon.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00dd ngh\u0129a v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Azulejos<\/h3>\n\n<p>Azulejos kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch trang tr\u00ed; ch\u00fang c\u00f2n l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho n\u1ec1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed phong ph\u00fa, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. Ch\u00fang kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00f4n vinh c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3i qua.<\/p>\n\n<p>V\u1ebd tranh azulejos kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt; \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Du kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c azulejos c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Azulejos: Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt g\u1ea1ch men g\u1ed1m quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha Azulejos, nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch men g\u1ed1m tr\u00e1ng men s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec3m cho n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i th\u1ea5t c\u00e1c&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17488],"tags":[89,17485,17487,297,27,3545,17486,136],"class_list":["post-12940","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ceramic-art","tag-cultural-heritage","tag-azulejos","tag-workshops","tag-architecture","tag-history","tag-contemporary-art","tag-portuguese-tile-art","tag-evolution"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12940","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12940"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12940\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12941,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12940\/revisions\/12941"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12940"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12940"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12940"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}