{"id":13069,"date":"2022-07-16T19:00:35","date_gmt":"2022-07-16T19:00:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=13069"},"modified":"2022-07-16T19:00:35","modified_gmt":"2022-07-16T19:00:35","slug":"black-beaches-jim-crow-era-chesapeake-bay","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/life\/african-american-history\/black-beaches-jim-crow-era-chesapeake-bay\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en: N\u01a1i \u1ea9n n\u00e1u c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tinh hoa trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Jim Crow"},"content":{"rendered":"

Black Beaches: Khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tinh hoa da \u0111en trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Jim Crow<\/h2>\n\n

Black Beaches ra \u0111\u1eddi<\/h2>\n\n

Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Jim Crow, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, gi\u1edbi tinh hoa da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n ri\u00eang nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u1ea9n n\u00e1u kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 Highland Beach, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1893 b\u1edfi Charles Douglass, con trai c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 b\u00e3i n\u00f4 Frederick Douglass. N\u1eb1m tr\u00ean V\u1ecbnh Chesapeake, Highland Beach tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i \u1ea9n n\u00e1u cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Paul Laurence Dunbar v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n W.E.B. Du Bois v\u00e0 Booker T. Washington.<\/p>\n\n

Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Highland Beach<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Highland Beach kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Charles Douglass \u0111\u00e3 mua \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh da \u0111en, nh\u1eb1m n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c giao \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m b\u00e1n nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da m\u00e0u. Sau \u0111\u00f3, con trai \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t Highland th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n

B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3n th\u1ee7 qu\u1ef9 v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean b\u1edd T\u00e2y<\/h2>\n\n

T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Highland Beach \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean B\u1edd T\u00e2y Maryland. Carr’s Beach v\u00e0 Sparrow’s Beach, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920 v\u00e0 1930, \u00edt \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n h\u01a1n Highland v\u00e0 Venice Beach. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 g\u00f3p m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 l\u01b0u di\u1ec5n trong “Chitlin ‘Circuit”, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 da \u0111en.<\/p>\n\n

C\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf cho c\u01b0 d\u00e2n da \u0111en \u1edf \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb<\/h2>\n\n

Trong khi nh\u1eefng b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en cung c\u1ea5p n\u01a1i \u1ea9n n\u00e1u cho gi\u1edbi tinh hoa, th\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u1edf \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u1ecfi. C\u00e1c b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng m\u1edf c\u1eeda t\u1ea1i Washington, D.C., nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01a1i da \u0111en th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n

B\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng duy nh\u1ea5t d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01a1i da \u0111en t\u1ea1i Washington l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Anacostia, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ebb em da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i khi b\u01a1i \u1edf S\u00f4ng Anacostia.<\/p>\n\n

B\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en suy t\u00e0n<\/h2>\n\n

V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n n\u0103m 1964, ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, sau khi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng mua l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u01b0u t\u00fa v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n

B\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u1ee7a V\u1ecbnh Chesapeake<\/h2>\n\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1c di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u1edf V\u1ecbnh Chesapeake.<\/p>\n\n

Qu\u1ef9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u1ee7a Chesapeake b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n. S\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Chesapeake c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ef9 t\u00edn th\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai.<\/p>\n\n

C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh phi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u1ee7a V\u1ecbnh Chesapeake. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Anacostia kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Washington v\u1edbi S\u00f4ng Anacostia v\u00e0 n\u00eau b\u1eadt c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c con s\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y ghi nh\u1eadn di s\u1ea3n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en khi sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 y\u00eau m\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gian n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi V\u1ecbnh Chesapeake theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Black Beaches: Khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tinh hoa da \u0111en trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Jim Crow Black Beaches ra \u0111\u1eddi Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Jim Crow, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 da \u0111en ph\u1ea3i…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17665],"tags":[2575,17664,1434,2264,4513,1879,4932],"class_list":["post-13069","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-african-american-history","tag-recreation","tag-jim-crow-era","tag-black-history","tag-segregation","tag-discrimination","tag-civil-rights","tag-chesapeake-bay"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13069","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13069"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13069\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13070,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13069\/revisions\/13070"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13069"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13069"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13069"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}