{"id":13295,"date":"2019-09-20T10:49:52","date_gmt":"2019-09-20T10:49:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=13295"},"modified":"2019-09-20T10:49:52","modified_gmt":"2019-09-20T10:49:52","slug":"wittgensteins-ghost-the-philosophical-debate-that-wont-die","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/uncategorized\/wittgensteins-ghost-the-philosophical-debate-that-wont-die\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00f3ng ma Wittgenstein: Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u00f3ng ma Wittgenstein: Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn \u1edf Cambridge<\/h2>\n\n<p>N\u0103m 1946, hai nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Ludwig Wittgenstein v\u00e0 Karl Popper \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn n\u1ea3y l\u1eeda t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge. Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00fat, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nay.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e2y ch\u1ecdc l\u00f2 than<\/h2>\n\n<p>Trong cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn, Wittgenstein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 vung m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y ch\u1ecdc l\u00f2 than b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Popper. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Wittgenstein v\u00e0 Popper.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n\n<p>Wittgenstein cho r\u1eb1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u00d4ng tin r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Popper tin r\u1eb1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng. \u00d4ng coi logic l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 sai tr\u00e1i.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/h2>\n\n<p>Wittgenstein cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 logic v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u00d4ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta \u0111i l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o l\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, Popper l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a logic. \u00d4ng tin r\u1eb1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh<\/h2>\n\n<p>Ho\u00e0i nghi c\u1ee7a Wittgenstein v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o (AI). Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u AI \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n<p>Wittgenstein cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i AI l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 &#8220;m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh&#8221; c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. \u00d4ng tin r\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 t\u00ednh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc<\/h2>\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Wittgenstein c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 t\u00ednh. Nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ho\u00e0i nghi c\u1ee7a Wittgenstein nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng khi \u0111\u01b0a ra tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 t\u00ednh, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00e1c, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u00f3ng ma c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0i nghi<\/h2>\n\n<p>B\u00f3ng ma c\u1ee7a Wittgenstein v\u1eabn \u00e1m \u1ea3nh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ho\u00e0i nghi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n\n<p>C\u00e2y ch\u1ecdc l\u00f2 than m\u00e0 Wittgenstein vung v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Popper \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0i nghi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd n\u00ean v\u1ed9i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Wittgenstein cho r\u1eb1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/li>\n<li>Popper tin r\u1eb1ng logic c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/li>\n<li>Wittgenstein ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u AI \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/li>\n<li>Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Wittgenstein c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc xung quanh vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 t\u00ednh.<\/li>\n<li>B\u00f3ng ma c\u1ee7a Wittgenstein \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ho\u00e0i nghi, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>B\u00f3ng ma Wittgenstein: Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn \u1edf Cambridge N\u0103m 1946, hai nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Ludwig Wittgenstein v\u00e0 Karl Popper \u0111\u00e3 tham&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[17932,2622,17931,17934,1254,98,17933],"class_list":["post-13295","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-skepticism","tag-language","tag-epistemology","tag-popper","tag-artificial-intelligence","tag-philosophy","tag-wittgenstein"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13295","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13295"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13295\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13296,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13295\/revisions\/13296"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13295"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13295"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13295"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}