{"id":13420,"date":"2023-05-21T10:29:03","date_gmt":"2023-05-21T10:29:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=13420"},"modified":"2023-05-21T10:29:03","modified_gmt":"2023-05-21T10:29:03","slug":"the-invention-of-the-alphabet-a-paradox-of-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/archaeology\/the-invention-of-the-alphabet-a-paradox-of-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u00e1t minh ra b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i: M\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ph\u00e1t minh ra b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i: M\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/h2>\n\n

B\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Serabit el-Khadim<\/h2>\n\n

Tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Sinai xa x\u00f4i, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t cao nguy\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Serabit el-Khadim, \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. H\u01a1n 4.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ecf c\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ed \u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng: b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i.<\/p>\n\n

Ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/h2>\n\n

Nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Moses lang thang tr\u00ean Sinai, c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u00e1 ng\u1ecdc lam. N\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Hathor, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n\n

Ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canaan, b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng m\u1ecf \u0111\u00e1 ng\u1ecdc lam b\u00e9o b\u1edf, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a giao ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. L\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf Canaan: Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/h2>\n\n

Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 tin r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp h\u1ecdc Orly Goldwasser \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. B\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf Canaan m\u00f9 ch\u1eef, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 mang t\u00ednh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n

Nghi l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c giao ti\u1ebfp<\/h2>\n\n

Sau m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf Canaan t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp trong qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd c\u1ee7a Hathor. Khi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n vinh n\u1eef th\u1ea7n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n

Kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh quy, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Semit c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n\n

S\u1ef1 lan truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/h2>\n\n

Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i vi v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 dao g\u0103m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1200 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, sau nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng mu\u1ed9n, b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/p>\n\n

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u1edf Canaan, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Semit b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u1ecf Sinai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. C\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Canaan mang theo b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 n\u00f3 t\u1eeb Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2y Ban Nha.<\/p>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phoenicia<\/h2>\n\n

Theo th\u1eddi gian, b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Canaan ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Phoenicia, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n\n

Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u00f9 ch\u1eef<\/h2>\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t minh ra b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf Canaan m\u00f9 ch\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m tinh hoa c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n

S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh<\/h2>\n\n

Goldwasser l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ngay c\u1ea3 trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac trong giao ti\u1ebfp k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c quan \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i \u00fd ngh\u0129a. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf Canaan \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/h2>\n\n

B\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a giao ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c. T\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta ghi l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, chia s\u1ebb \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau qua nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n

Ph\u00e1t minh ra b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef v\u00e0 m\u00f9 ch\u1eef, l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Di s\u1ea3n b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ph\u00e1t minh ra b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i: M\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed B\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Serabit el-Khadim Tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Sinai xa x\u00f4i, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t cao nguy\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00f3 c\u00f3…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[191],"tags":[848,6367,4546,18101,850,1701,18100,18099],"class_list":["post-13420","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archaeology","tag-egyptology","tag-sinai-peninsula","tag-alphabet","tag-pictograms","tag-hieroglyphics","tag-literacy","tag-history-of-writing","tag-canaanites"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13420","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13420"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13420\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13421,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13420\/revisions\/13421"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13420"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13420"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13420"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}