{"id":13434,"date":"2022-04-19T06:52:17","date_gmt":"2022-04-19T06:52:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=13434"},"modified":"2022-04-19T06:52:17","modified_gmt":"2022-04-19T06:52:17","slug":"battle-of-gallipoli-reassessment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/uncategorized\/battle-of-gallipoli-reassessment\/","title":{"rendered":"Tr\u1eadn Gallipoli: \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tr\u1eadn Gallipoli: \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/h2>\n\n

Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn Gallipoli, di\u1ec5n ra trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa phe Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bao g\u1ed3m qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Anh, Ph\u00e1p, \u00dac v\u00e0 New Zealand, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng chi\u1ebfm B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Gallipoli \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t eo bi\u1ec3n Dardanelles v\u00e0 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf t\u1edbi Nga. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ottoman do Mustafa Kemal Ataturk ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o, g\u00e2y ra th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 cho phe Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n

Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a phe Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3<\/h2>\n\n

Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a phe Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i Gallipoli b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u00e9m. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1915 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 d\u1eef d\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 Ottoman. Phe Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf b\u1ebf t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c giao tranh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi chi\u1ebfn tranh chi\u1ebfn h\u00e0o \u00e1c li\u1ec7t, c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecbu th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1.<\/p>\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 phe Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ottoman v\u1eabn gi\u1eef v\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed t\u1ed1t tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1o binh \u0110\u1ee9c. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, phe Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb k\u00e9m v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1o binh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Khi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a phe Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1915.<\/p>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Gallipoli<\/h2>\n\n

Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn Gallipoli \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a phe Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong c\u1ee7a phe Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u01a1n 180.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong khi th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong c\u1ee7a Ottoman \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 253.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tham chi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u00dac v\u00e0 New Zealand, n\u01a1i tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hy sinh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n\n

Suy ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Gallipoli<\/h2>\n\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn Gallipoli. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a phe Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Ottoman kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ottoman c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c phe Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3<\/h2>\n\n

Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn Gallipoli, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. L\u1eddi k\u1ec3 n\u00e0y h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh Ottoman. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m chung c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3-Anzac \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra<\/h2>\n\n

K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2010, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1eed gia Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, \u00dac v\u00e0 New Zealand \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng Gallipoli. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf th\u00eam cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1n, d\u00e2y th\u00e9p gai v\u00e0 h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n\n

Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng chai bia Bomonti<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m chung l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chai bia Bomonti trong chi\u1ebfn h\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Ottoman. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh Ottoman kh\u00f4ng u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u. N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u00fa vui nh\u1ecf, ngay c\u1ea3 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u.<\/p>\n\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n\n

Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn Gallipoli v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a phe Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, bao g\u1ed3m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a phe Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i Gallipoli \u0111ang cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb l\u00e2u.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tr\u1eadn Gallipoli: \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i \u00dd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn Gallipoli, di\u1ec5n ra trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa phe Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[18120,3950,1061,15994,1242],"class_list":["post-13434","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-anzac","tag-world-war-i","tag-turkey","tag-gallipoli","tag-military-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13434","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13434"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13434\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13435,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13434\/revisions\/13435"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13434"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13434"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13434"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}