{"id":1363,"date":"2021-07-22T19:12:48","date_gmt":"2021-07-22T19:12:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=1363"},"modified":"2021-07-22T19:12:48","modified_gmt":"2021-07-22T19:12:48","slug":"medieval-ink-pen-discovery-reveals-surprising-literacy-in-ireland","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/life\/history\/medieval-ink-pen-discovery-reveals-surprising-literacy-in-ireland\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u00fat m\u1ef1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Ireland h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u00fat m\u1ef1c th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c \u1edf Ireland<\/h2>\n\n

Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u00e2y b\u00fat m\u1ef1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf Ireland<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111ang khai qu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Ireland \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 – c\u00e2y b\u00fat m\u1ef1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 vi\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed7ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00fat b\u1eb1ng h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11 t\u1ea1i Caherconnell Cashel \u1edf Qu\u1eadn Clare.<\/p>\n\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y b\u00fat<\/h2>\n\n

Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef \u1edf Ireland th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 th\u1edd C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e2y b\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, cho th\u1ea5y tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn tin.<\/p>\n\n

C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e2y b\u00fat<\/h2>\n\n

C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y b\u00fat kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u00f4ng ng\u1ed7ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ki\u00eam nh\u00e0 th\u01b0 ph\u00e1p Tim O’Neill cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e2y b\u00fat m\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t tinh x\u1ea3o, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng khung m\u1ed9t trang gi\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n

B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng tinh x\u1ea3o, ngh\u1ec1 kim lo\u1ea1i, tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e2y b\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tin r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i gia ph\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n

So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u00fat kh\u00e1c<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1eabu v\u1eadt ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u00fat t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Anh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf li\u00ean quan c\u0169 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1edbi h\u01a1n. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 La M\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng Anh, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00fat ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u1ede Anh, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 ng\u00f2i b\u00fat b\u1eb1ng h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ed1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16.<\/p>\n\n

Ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y b\u00fat<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft hay kh\u00f4ng, nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Adam Parsons c\u1ee7a Blueaxe Reproductions \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao. Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00fat ch\u1ea5m m\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n

B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: Tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef trong c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n \u1edf Ireland<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 \u1edf Ireland, vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tu vi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ghi ch\u00e9p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch sao ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc c\u00e1c t\u1eeb v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng s\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y b\u00fat stylus b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang d\u00f9ng b\u00fat v\u00e0 da d\u00ea, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00f4ng ng\u1ed7ng \u0111\u1ec3 sao ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n ho\u1eb7c t\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n

Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Burren<\/h2>\n\n

Caherconnell Cashel l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Burren n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Ireland. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t l\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111ang cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ireland ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Viking v\u00e0 Anglo-Norman.<\/p>\n\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/h2>\n\n

T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Archaeology Ireland \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e2y b\u00fat tr\u00ean \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng n\u0103m 2021. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Caherconnell Cashel, v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean \u1edf Ireland v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u00fat m\u1ef1c th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c \u1edf Ireland Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u00e2y b\u00fat m\u1ef1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[767],"tags":[3051,1701,88,1026,873],"class_list":["post-1363","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history","tag-irish-heritage","tag-literacy","tag-archaeology","tag-medieval-history","tag-writing"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1363","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1363"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1363\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1364,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1363\/revisions\/1364"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1363"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1363"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1363"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}