Sau cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i r\u01b0\u1ee3u m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf r\u01b0\u1ee3u t\u00e1o v\u00e0 bia, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng \u01b0a th\u00edch th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1830, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung b\u00ecnh ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 h\u01a1n b\u1ea3y gallon r\u01b0\u1ee3u m\u1ed7i n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n
R\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ed1t v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a. Theo Mark Lender, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n “Drinking in America”, “N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng u\u1ed1ng, b\u1ea1n \u0111ang t\u1ef1 g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh”.<\/p>\n\n
Benjamin Rush, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00fd Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho phong tr\u00e0o ki\u00eang r\u01b0\u1ee3u. Trong b\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u0103m 1785 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 “An Inquiry Into the Effects of Ardent Spirits Upon the Human Body and Mind” (M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a r\u01b0\u1ee3u m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u00e2m tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi), Rush \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u.<\/p>\n\n
\u0110\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda cho quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Rush \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t “Nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t” m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng y t\u1ebf, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u1ea5m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng, b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n. Vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 r\u01b0\u1ee3u gin, r\u01b0\u1ee3u m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u rum c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9i gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 v\u00e0 \u00e1n treo c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n
Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Rush v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng say r\u01b0\u1ee3u kinh ni\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh, v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Rush \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn phong tr\u00e0o ki\u00eang r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1820.<\/p>\n\n
Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 phong tr\u00e0o ki\u00eang r\u01b0\u1ee3u ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Rush, c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t trong khi dung th\u1ee9 cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bia, r\u01b0\u1ee3u t\u00e1o v\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 c\u1ed3n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 c\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 phai nh\u1ea1t khi phong tr\u00e0o th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ki\u00eang r\u01b0\u1ee3u.<\/p>\n\n
Lu\u1eadt C\u1ea5m, v\u1ed1n c\u1ea5m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, b\u00e1n, nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n r\u01b0\u1ee3u, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1920. Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n th\u1ee9 21 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf Lu\u1eadt C\u1ea5m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1933.<\/p>\n\n
Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Benjamin Rush \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7n. \u00d4ng tin r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n
Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nghi\u1ec7n ng\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Rush nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb nghi\u1ec7n ng\u1eadp v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nghi\u1ec7n ng\u1eadp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n\n
Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o ki\u00eang r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt C\u1ea5m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 r\u01b0\u1ee3u ng\u00e0y nay. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0y b\u00e1n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c u\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n
Theo Vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 L\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng R\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 Nghi\u1ec7n r\u01b0\u1ee3u, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 14,5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ec7nh gan, b\u1ec7nh tim v\u00e0 ung th\u01b0.<\/p>\n\n
L\u1ecbch s\u1eed nghi\u1ec7n r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u1edf M\u1ef9 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t. T\u1eeb t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u1eadu C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebfn phong tr\u00e0o ki\u00eang r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt C\u1ea5m, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n\n
C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a Benjamin Rush v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n\n
<\/code><\/pre>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Nghi\u1ec7n r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 h\u1eadu c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Sau cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i r\u01b0\u1ee3u m\u1ea1nh…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[359],"tags":[3075,3076,1919,3077,178,1129],"class_list":["post-1377","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-medicine","tag-benjamin-rush","tag-history-of-alcohol","tag-alcoholism","tag-temperance-movement","tag-public-health","tag-medicine"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1377","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1377"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1377\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1378,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1377\/revisions\/1378"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1377"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1377"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1377"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}