{"id":14421,"date":"2023-12-20T12:57:48","date_gmt":"2023-12-20T12:57:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=14421"},"modified":"2023-12-20T12:57:48","modified_gmt":"2023-12-20T12:57:48","slug":"ohio-black-activism-pre-civil-war","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/uncategorized\/ohio-black-activism-pre-civil-war\/","title":{"rendered":"Phong tr\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u1edf Ohio tr\u01b0\u1edbc N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn: \u0110\u1ea5u tranh cho b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Phong tr\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u1edf Ohio: \u0110\u1ea5u tranh cho b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/h2>\n\n<p>Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng da \u0111en, c\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Ohio l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lu\u1eadt da \u0111en v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed<\/h2>\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u bang t\u1ef1 do, Ohio v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi. Nh\u1eefng &#8220;lu\u1eadt da \u0111en&#8221; n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n da \u0111en ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u1edbi quan ch\u1ee9c h\u1ea1t, c\u1ea5m h\u1ecd l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng trong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n t\u00f2a \u00e1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i cho h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Ohio c\u0169ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng da tr\u1eafng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh nguy\u1ec7n<\/h2>\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Ohio da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i im l\u1eb7ng. H\u1ecd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i b\u00e3i n\u00f4 v\u00e0 g\u1eedi \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ec9nh nguy\u1ec7n l\u00ean c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u bang y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e3i b\u1ecf lu\u1eadt da \u0111en.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd da \u0111en<\/h2>\n\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd da \u0111en \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u. H\u1ecd cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian an to\u00e0n cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0110en \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Ohio \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Cincinnati v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1815, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1833, ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 20 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd AME.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">John Malvin: M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u<\/h2>\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng da \u0111en n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Ohio l\u00e0 John Malvin. Sinh ra \u1edf Virginia v\u00e0 di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn Ohio v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1827, Malvin \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c d\u00e0nh cho tr\u1ebb em da \u0111en \u1edf Cleveland v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd da tr\u1eafng.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Ohio n\u0103m 1837<\/h2>\n\n<p>V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1837, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Ohio da \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb to\u00e0n ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i Columbus. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t &#8220;t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc&#8221; \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bngh\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf lu\u1eadt da \u0111en.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Leicester King<\/h2>\n\n<p>V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1838, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 ti\u1ec3u bang Leicester King \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 l\u00ean \u00e1n lu\u1eadt da \u0111en v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u00fang. King l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y vi ph\u1ea1m c\u1ea3 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Ohio v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ohio da \u0111en x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n da tr\u1eafng.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu<\/h2>\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Lu\u1eadt da \u0111en Ohio cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1849, hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u bang v\u1eabn ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n nam gi\u1edbi da \u0111en b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n th\u1ee9 15 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1870.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Di s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h2>\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng da \u0111en \u1edf Ohio \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a \u0111u\u00f4i d\u00e0i:<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bngh\u1ecb t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec3u bang<\/li>\n<li>\u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Leicester King v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf lu\u1eadt da \u0111en \u1edf Ohio<\/li>\n<li>\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Ohio \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia trong th\u1eddi N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft<\/li>\n<li>Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a John Malvin v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u1edf Cleveland<\/li>\n<li>Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Phong tr\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en \u1edf Ohio: \u0110\u1ea5u tranh cho b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[6803,527,1434,39,1879],"class_list":["post-14421","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-racial-equality","tag-social-justice","tag-black-history","tag-ohio-history","tag-civil-rights"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14421","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14421"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14421\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14422,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14421\/revisions\/14422"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14421"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14421"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14421"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}