{"id":14814,"date":"2021-03-06T17:20:44","date_gmt":"2021-03-06T17:20:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=14814"},"modified":"2021-03-06T17:20:44","modified_gmt":"2021-03-06T17:20:44","slug":"karakorum-capital-of-the-mongol-empire-revealed-through-advanced-geophysics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/archaeology-and-history\/karakorum-capital-of-the-mongol-empire-revealed-through-advanced-geophysics\/","title":{"rendered":"Karakorum: Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5"},"content":{"rendered":"

Karakorum: Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/h2>\n\n

Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Karakorum, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13, t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc m\u00ea m\u1ea9n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng du kh\u00e1ch ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n\n

Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecba v\u1eadt l\u00fd ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Karakorum. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Antiquity \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1ecf hoang \u1edf \u00c2u-\u00c1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n

Th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/h2>\n\n

Th\u00e0nh C\u00e1t T\u01b0 H\u00e3n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Karakorum v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1220 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1i doanh tr\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng l\u1ec1u yurt c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i thung l\u0169ng S\u00f4ng Orkhon. Nh\u1eadn ra ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, con trai v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Oa Kho\u00e1t \u0110\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn Karakorum l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n

Theo th\u1eddi gian, Karakorum tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 du kh\u00e1ch t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng T\u01a1 l\u1ee5a. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t cung \u0111i\u1ec7n nguy nga v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n

L\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1eadt l\u00fd ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh Jan Bemmann v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb giao thoa l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed si\u00eau d\u1eabn (SQUID) \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng 465 hecta, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng, h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a Karakorum.<\/p>\n\n

B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1<\/h2>\n\n

B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1edbi cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u1eebng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 g\u1ea1ch l\u1edbn v\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eebng c\u1eaft ngang \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c khu ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, trong khi c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn thung l\u0169ng S\u00f4ng Orkhon xung quanh.<\/p>\n\n

“Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ho\u00e0ng gia m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t thung l\u0169ng ho\u00e0ng gia,” Bemmann cho bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n

Ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a William x\u1ee9 Rubruck<\/h2>\n\n

William x\u1ee9 Rubruck, m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129 Phanxic\u00f4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Flemish, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m Karakorum v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1254 v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea1c l\u1edbn h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang v\u00e0 s\u1eefa ng\u1ef1a.<\/p>\n\n

\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5<\/h2>\n\n

S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tay ngh\u1ec1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Karakorum. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n du m\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 40 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Karakorum b\u1ecb b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh di s\u1ea3n du m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15, Karakorum \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf hoang.<\/p>\n\n

Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n\n

V\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1889, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Karakorum d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1eadt l\u00fd cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n

“Th\u1eadt kinh ng\u1ea1c khi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1eebng ng\u00e0y”, Bemmann n\u00f3i. “V\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng l\u00ean.”<\/p>\n\n

B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Karakorum cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 tay ngh\u1ec1 trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi n\u00e0y.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Karakorum: Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Karakorum, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7494],"tags":[564,88,27],"class_list":["post-14814","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archaeology-and-history","tag-exploration","tag-archaeology","tag-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14814","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14814"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14814\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14815,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14814\/revisions\/14815"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14814"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14814"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14814"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}