{"id":15089,"date":"2024-11-02T00:34:56","date_gmt":"2024-11-02T00:34:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=15089"},"modified":"2024-11-02T00:34:56","modified_gmt":"2024-11-02T00:34:56","slug":"origins-and-evolution-of-geographic-information-systems-gis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/earth-science\/origins-and-evolution-of-geographic-information-systems-gis\/","title":{"rendered":"Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Th\u00f4ng tin \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd (GIS)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Th\u00f4ng tin \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd (GIS)<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a GIS<\/h2>\n\n<p>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a GIS c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n hai chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c th\u00ec ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1800, m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi London t\u00ean l\u00e0 John Snow \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y khi \u0111i\u1ec1u tra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t d\u1ecbch t\u1ea3. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eed vong do d\u1ecbch t\u1ea3, Snow ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y b\u01a1m n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00ean Ph\u1ed1 Broad.<\/p>\n\n<p>Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00ean nhau khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/p>\n\n<p>V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canada t\u00ean l\u00e0 Roger Tomlinson \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y \u1edf Kenya, nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tomlinson nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1, Tomlinson \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Th\u00f4ng tin \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd (GIS). GIS cho ph\u00e9p t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a GIS<\/h2>\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a GIS \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, IBM \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho GIS, trong khi Howard Fisher t\u1ea1i Harvard \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a GIS. C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho ph\u00e9p l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 GIS tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a GIS<\/h2>\n\n<p>GIS \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean:<\/strong> GIS \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean r\u1eebng, theo d\u00f5i qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4 th\u1ecb:<\/strong> GIS gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 quy ho\u1ea1ch h\u00ecnh dung v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi giao th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Y t\u1ebf C\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng:<\/strong> GIS c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 cao v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kinh doanh v\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb:<\/strong> GIS \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, nh\u1eafm m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kinh doanh ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda:<\/strong> GIS r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p, gi\u00fap l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn di t\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a GIS<\/h2>\n\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, GIS c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng Ushahidi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng GIS \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. GIS c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 trao quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a GIS<\/h2>\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 GIS \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00f4ng gian, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sai l\u1ec7ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sai GIS cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed. M\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia GIS c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng gian ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n\n<p>B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a GIS v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, \u0111ang m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng GIS. Khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, GIS s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0nh tinh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a \u0111u\u00f4i d\u00e0i b\u1ed5 sung:<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 GIS<\/li>\n<li>C\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 GIS<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u GIS<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 GIS<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 GIS<\/li>\n<li>Ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 GIS<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng gian<\/li>\n<li>Tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng gian<\/li>\n<li>Khoa h\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Th\u00f4ng tin \u0110\u1ecba l\u00fd (GIS) Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a GIS L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a GIS c\u00f3&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24773,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[212],"tags":[6794,20165,821,18875,20166],"class_list":["post-15089","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-earth-science","tag-geography","tag-gis","tag-data-visualization","tag-mapping","tag-spatial-analysis"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15089","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15089"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15089\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24774,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15089\/revisions\/24774"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24773"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15089"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15089"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15089"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}