{"id":15374,"date":"2024-09-03T06:14:24","date_gmt":"2024-09-03T06:14:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=15374"},"modified":"2024-09-03T06:14:24","modified_gmt":"2024-09-03T06:14:24","slug":"hydraulic-mining-environmental-law-case-study","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/environmental-science\/hydraulic-mining-environmental-law-case-study\/","title":{"rendered":"Khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c: Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng"},"content":{"rendered":"

Khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c: Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/h2>\n\n

C\u01a1n s\u1ed1t v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c<\/h2>\n\n

Sau C\u01a1n s\u1ed1t v\u00e0ng California, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0ng. Khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p l\u1ef1c cao \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5 tung c\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1ed3i v\u00e0 l\u1ed9 ra qu\u1eb7ng ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0ng. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y ra t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n

H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc xi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c cu\u1ed1n theo m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n, \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00fang v\u00e0o s\u00f4ng, su\u1ed1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng b\u00f9n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cslickens\u201d. Nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y, nh\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00e2y \u0103n qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ng\u1eadp l\u1ee5t c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n. Nh\u1eefng con s\u00f4ng t\u1eebng trong v\u1eaft c\u1ee7a California chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u n\u00e2u s\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i lan r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn V\u1ecbnh San Francisco.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c<\/h2>\n\n

Khi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i. H\u1ecd l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf \u0111ang vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1875, m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn l\u1ee5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc William Hammond Hall c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o g\u00e2y s\u1ed1c n\u00eau chi ti\u1ebft m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i do khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c g\u00e2y ra.<\/p>\n\n

Woodruff ki\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ty khai th\u00e1c s\u1ecfi North Bloomfield<\/h2>\n\n

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Trung Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n li\u00ean bang ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng ty khai th\u00e1c s\u1ecfi North Bloomfield, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf California. V\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Woodruff ki\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ty khai th\u00e1c s\u1ecfi North Bloomfield, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n hai n\u0103m v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng n\u00fai l\u1eddi khai v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n\n

Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd mang t\u00ednh b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t<\/h2>\n\n

N\u0103m 1884, Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n Lorenzo Sawyer \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft mang t\u00ednh b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ty North Bloomfield \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i khai th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd xu\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng. T\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh cho c\u00f4ng ty t\u1ecbch thu ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho ch\u00fang x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n\n

S\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c<\/h2>\n\n

Ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft Woodruff \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u1edf California. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1o h\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1c con \u0111\u1eadp. Khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c suy gi\u1ea3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c m\u1ecf v\u00e0ng m\u1edbi \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c b\u1ecb b\u1ecf hoang \u1edf California, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ti\u1ec3u bang Malakoff Diggins, l\u00e0 l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c t\u1eebng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00ec t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p cho du kh\u00e1ch c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n

Quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/h2>\n\n

V\u1ee5 \u00e1n Woodruff \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng trao cho ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n

Tr\u1edb tr\u00eau c\u1ee7a khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0o khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u1ecfi. Theo \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh, C\u00f4ng ty khai th\u00e1c s\u1ecfi North Bloomfield \u0111\u00e3 chi kho\u1ea3ng ba tri\u1ec7u r\u01b0\u1ee1i \u0111\u00f4 la cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 thu h\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng. Thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng do khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c g\u00e2y ra c\u00f2n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0o, l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ngu xu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c: Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng C\u01a1n s\u1ed1t v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a khai th\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c Sau C\u01a1n s\u1ed1t v\u00e0ng California, nh\u1eefng…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":24224,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[877,20483,6940,20481,20480,20482],"class_list":["post-15374","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environmental-science","tag-environmental-protection","tag-california-history","tag-gold-rush","tag-environmental-law","tag-hydraulic-mining","tag-water-rights"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15374","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15374"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15374\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24225,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15374\/revisions\/24225"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24224"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15374"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15374"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15374"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}