{"id":1540,"date":"2024-06-30T01:41:23","date_gmt":"2024-06-30T01:41:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=1540"},"modified":"2024-06-30T01:41:23","modified_gmt":"2024-06-30T01:41:23","slug":"the-history-and-power-of-caricature","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/art\/caricature-and-cartoon\/the-history-and-power-of-caricature\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda<\/h2>\n\n<p>Bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u1ebd nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c m\u00e9o m\u00f3, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Leonardo da Vinci, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch g\u00e2y h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n<p>T\u1eeb &#8220;bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda&#8221; b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng \u00dd &#8220;carico&#8221; (n\u1ea1p) v\u00e0 &#8220;caricare&#8221; (ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i). L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1590 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng b\u00fat v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u00f3p m\u00e9o.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda kh\u00e1c nhau<\/h2>\n\n<p>C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i:<\/strong> Bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda ch\u1ebf gi\u1ec5u c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb:<\/strong> Bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng:<\/strong> Bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd tr\u00f4ng l\u1ed1 b\u1ecbch ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n\n<p>Bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 nh\u01b0 Picasso v\u00e0 Matisse \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t phong c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u1eadp th\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i L\u1eadp th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00f3p m\u00e9o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng &#8220;d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u&#8221; \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n ch\u00fang thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda<\/h2>\n\n<p>Bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdc c\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">M\u1eb7t t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda<\/h2>\n\n<p>Bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i tr\u00ean ranh gi\u1edbi mong manh gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Ireland c\u1ee7a Thomas Nast ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi c\u1ee7a Edward Kemble.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u1ede m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 c\u0103m gh\u00e9t v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i do c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 truy\u1ec7n tranh \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/h2>\n\n<p>B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng, bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 khoan dung v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n<p>Trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n\n<p>Bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111a di\u1ec7n. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm, g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nguy hi\u1ec3m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda Bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u1ebd nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":23747,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3386],"tags":[12,2488,3385,104,3384],"class_list":["post-1540","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-caricature-and-cartoon","tag-social-commentary","tag-satire","tag-humor","tag-art-history","tag-caricature"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1540","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1540"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1540\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1541,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1540\/revisions\/1541"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23747"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1540"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1540"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1540"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}