{"id":15498,"date":"2024-06-22T16:21:38","date_gmt":"2024-06-22T16:21:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=15498"},"modified":"2024-06-22T16:21:38","modified_gmt":"2024-06-22T16:21:38","slug":"the-civil-war-a-complex-mosaic-of-causes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/uncategorized\/the-civil-war-a-complex-mosaic-of-causes\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3: Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t chia r\u1ebd n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9"},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3: M\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh kh\u1ea3m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/h2>\n\n

B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/h2>\n\n

N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t then ch\u1ed1t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3, n\u1ed5 ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1861. D\u00f9 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c ch\u00ednh, v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\n\n

Ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch kinh t\u1ebf<\/h2>\n\n

Mi\u1ec1n Nam theo n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng xa hoa c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 du nh\u1eadp qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia kinh t\u1ebf r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. S\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng mong mu\u1ed1n ly khai kh\u1ecfi Li\u00ean minh mi\u1ec1n Nam.<\/p>\n\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n\n

Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chia r\u1ebd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Nam b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc l\u00ean \u00e1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, phong tr\u00e0o b\u00e3i n\u00f4 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m d\u1ea5y l\u00ean n\u1ed7i lo s\u1ee3 trong l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n Nam r\u1eb1ng l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda.<\/p>\n\n

B\u1ebf t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/h2>\n\n

B\u1ebf t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p. Vi\u1ec7c Abraham Lincoln, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e3i n\u00f4 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft, \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1860, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n Nam ly khai.<\/p>\n\n

Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 b\u00e3i n\u00f4<\/h2>\n\n

Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 chi\u1ebfn tranh. Vi\u1ec7c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e3i n\u00f4 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai t\u1ef1 do. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, v\u00ec h\u1ecd coi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n

Phong tr\u00e0o b\u00e3i n\u00f4<\/h2>\n\n

Phong tr\u00e0o b\u00e3i n\u00f4, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 Frederick Douglass v\u00e0 Harriet Beecher Stowe \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ecdng v\u0103n h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n

\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n n\u0103m 1850, bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng th\u00eam c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa hai khu v\u1ef1c. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam trong vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n

Dred Scott ki\u1ec7n Sandford<\/h2>\n\n

Ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1ng x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao trong v\u1ee5 Dred Scott ki\u1ec7n Sandford n\u0103m 1857 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1p l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a. Ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc th\u00eam s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd gi\u1eefa mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc l\u00ean \u00e1n ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed Abraham Lincoln<\/h2>\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c Abraham Lincoln, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e3i n\u00f4 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft, \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1860, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e0n ly \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Nam. Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Lincoln b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t hy v\u1ecdng duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n Nam.<\/p>\n\n

Ly khai v\u00e0 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 chi\u1ebfn tranh<\/h2>\n\n

Ngay sau cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a Lincoln, c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ly khai kh\u1ecfi Li\u00ean minh. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1861, b\u1ea3y ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang mi\u1ec1n Nam Hoa K\u1ef3. Cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Sumter v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1861 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n

Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong chi\u1ebfn tranh<\/h2>\n\n

N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ea7u m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00fap v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u1eadt t\u01b0, trong khi \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00e1o t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean l\u1ea1c xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch xa. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0u b\u1ecdc s\u1eaft v\u00e0 s\u00fang h\u1ecfa mai c\u00f3 r\u00e3nh xo\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a chi\u1ebfn tranh tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tr\u00ean b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n

Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng N\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/h2>\n\n

N\u0103m 1863, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Lincoln \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng N\u00f4 l\u1ec7, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 do Li\u00ean minh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do. \u0110\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Li\u00ean minh sang m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n

Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t<\/h2>\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1865. S\u1ef1 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n th\u1ee9 M\u01b0\u1eddi ba v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1865 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3<\/h2>\n\n

N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i di s\u1ea3n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i cho qu\u1ed1c gia. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Li\u00ean minh, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft. Tuy nhi\u00ean, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn c\u0169ng b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng chia r\u1ebd s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3: M\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh kh\u1ea3m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t then ch\u1ed1t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hoa…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":23720,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[1531,27,765,1001,1565,2098],"class_list":["post-15498","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-united-states","tag-history","tag-slavery","tag-civil-war","tag-reconstruction","tag-society"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15498","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15498"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15498\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15499,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15498\/revisions\/15499"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23720"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15498"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15498"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15498"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}