{"id":16053,"date":"2019-01-09T09:29:43","date_gmt":"2019-01-09T09:29:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=16053"},"modified":"2019-01-09T09:29:43","modified_gmt":"2019-01-09T09:29:43","slug":"robben-island-apartheid-freedom-symbol","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/uncategorized\/robben-island-apartheid-freedom-symbol\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ea3o Robben: H\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1ea3o Robben: Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u1ea3o Robben: T\u1ed5ng quan l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u1ea3o Robben, m\u1ed9t m\u1ecfm \u0111\u00e1 h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Cape Town, Nam Phi n\u0103m d\u1eb7m, l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n cho nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kinh ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1600, h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y t\u1eebng giam gi\u1eef n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba Khoikhoi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1846, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh phong, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1961 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1991, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 an ninh t\u1ed1i \u0111a giam gi\u1eef c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc trong m\u1ecf \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3o Robben l\u00e0 m\u1ecf \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Nelson Mandela, b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ed5 sai. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u00e1nh n\u1eafng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng th\u1eddi gian \u1edf trong m\u1ecf \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. H\u1ecd d\u1ea1y nhau v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh quan hoang v\u1eafng th\u00e0nh \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d.<\/p>\n\n

X\u00e0 lim c\u1ee7a Mandela: Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i<\/h2>\n\n

Trong 18 n\u0103m, Nelson Mandela b\u1ecb giam trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e0 lim ch\u1eadt ch\u1ed9i r\u1ed9ng 7 x 9 foot tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3o Robben. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng gian kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, tinh th\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t khu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Mandela v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 suy chuy\u1ec3n. X\u00e0 lim c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt trong b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t khu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n

S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3o Robben<\/h2>\n\n

N\u0103m 1997, ba n\u0103m sau khi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, \u0110\u1ea3o Robben \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng. Ng\u00e0y nay, du kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham quan h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c. B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 n\u1ed7i kinh ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n \u00e1p b\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea3o Robben<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u1ea3o Robben cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tha th\u1ee9. C\u00e1c c\u1ef1u t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean du l\u1ecbch, chia s\u1ebb kinh nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u00e1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n\n

S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tha th\u1ee9<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea3o Robben l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tha th\u1ee9. Nh\u01b0 Nelson Mandela \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n t\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u00eam b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 tha th\u1ee9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Nam Phi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y c\u0103m th\u00f9 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n

\u0110\u1ea3o Robben: \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Nam Phi v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea3o Robben l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kinh ho\u00e0ng trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1ea3o Robben: Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do \u0110\u1ea3o Robben: T\u1ed5ng quan l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u1ea3o Robben, m\u1ed9t m\u1ecfm \u0111\u00e1…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[7043,27,3063,3061,21323,69,21324,3065],"class_list":["post-16053","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-apartheid","tag-history","tag-south-africa","tag-nelson-mandela","tag-prison","tag-human-rights","tag-robben-island","tag-freedom"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16053","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16053"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16053\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16054,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16053\/revisions\/16054"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16053"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16053"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16053"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}