{"id":16120,"date":"2022-10-09T23:18:02","date_gmt":"2022-10-09T23:18:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=16120"},"modified":"2022-10-09T23:18:02","modified_gmt":"2022-10-09T23:18:02","slug":"civil-war-medical-innovations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/medical-history\/civil-war-medical-innovations\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3: Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c cho \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi y t\u1ebf"},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn: Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi y h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n\n

Y h\u1ecdc chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/h2>\n\n

N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia y t\u1ebf, bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch nghi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c y t\u1ebf d\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n”, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ecdc ghi ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi chi\u1ebfn tranh ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n, nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean y t\u1ebf c\u00f3 tay ngh\u1ec1 cao h\u01a1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 d\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt<\/h2>\n\n

C\u1eaft c\u1ee5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1edf v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean s\u1ebd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0nh v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong khi kh\u00e2u v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea1t da c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng. Nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1eaft c\u1ee5t k\u00edn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt chuy\u00ean khoa, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9. B\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt New York, Gurdon Buck, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c implant nha khoa v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng do v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n tay gi\u1ea3<\/h2>\n\n

S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ca c\u1eaft c\u1ee5t trong N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nhu c\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n tay gi\u1ea3. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1edbi, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00e2n tay gi\u1ea3. James Hanger, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh Li\u00ean minh mi\u1ec1n Nam b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t ch\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra “ch\u00e2n tay gi\u1ea3 Hanger”, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n cao su v\u00e0 g\u00f3t ch\u00e2n m\u1ec1m, l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u00e2n tay gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n

Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n d\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng khi chi\u1ebfn tranh ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n, nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf y t\u1ebf chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. B\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt William Hammond \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n “h\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 ch\u1edd”, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c khoa kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong l\u00e0nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng xe c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/h2>\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1ecfi chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1862, Jonathan Letterman \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng xe c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Potomac c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ba b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn, b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n d\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m<\/h2>\n\n

N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a y h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng. B\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt Hammond \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c g\u1ed1c th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n v\u00e0 antimon kh\u1ecfi danh m\u1ee5c thu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, g\u00e2y ra tranh c\u00e3i trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u1eabn tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft d\u1ecbch th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 d\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi<\/h2>\n\n

N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n y h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng. Nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 d\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn, b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt, ch\u00e2n tay gi\u1ea3, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng xe c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong chi\u1ebfn tranh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p y t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn: Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi y h\u1ecdc Y h\u1ecdc chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7010],"tags":[21392,21391,21390,1001,1749,704,1129,21393],"class_list":["post-16120","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-medical-history","tag-ambulance-systems","tag-hospital-architecture","tag-medical-innovations","tag-civil-war","tag-surgery","tag-prosthetics","tag-medicine","tag-evidence-based-medicine"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16120","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16120"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16120\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16121,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16120\/revisions\/16121"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16120"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16120"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16120"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}