{"id":16222,"date":"2020-10-02T04:46:16","date_gmt":"2020-10-02T04:46:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=16222"},"modified":"2020-10-02T04:46:16","modified_gmt":"2020-10-02T04:46:16","slug":"ancient-pyramids-architectural-marvels-of-civilizations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/life\/ancient-civilizations\/ancient-pyramids-architectural-marvels-of-civilizations\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: K\u1ef3 quan c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nh\u1eefng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: K\u1ef3 quan ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh<\/h2>\n\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/h2>\n\n

Trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 Trung B\u1ed9 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p cao ch\u00f3t v\u00f3t nh\u01b0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00e0m l\u0103ng m\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m nghi l\u1ec5, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n\n

Ai C\u1eadp: X\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p<\/h2>\n\n

Ai C\u1eadp n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 100 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Djoser, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2630 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, l\u00e0 kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1eadc thang \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n\n

Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p l\u1edbn Giza, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Khufu, l\u00e0 kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2551 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 2 tri\u1ec7u kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 cao 450 feet. K\u1ef3 quan ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u00e0y t\u1eebng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong h\u01a1n ba thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i trong danh s\u00e1ch B\u1ea3y k\u1ef3 quan th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n\n

Peru: Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1n Chav\u00edn<\/h2>\n\n

Tr\u00ean cao nguy\u00ean Peru, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chav\u00edn ti\u1ec1n Columbus \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1n Chav\u00edn t\u1eeb n\u0103m 900 \u0111\u1ebfn 200 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 “ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n c\u1ed5” v\u00e0 “ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n m\u1edbi”, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt theo h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec9nh b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc, l\u1ed1i \u0111i v\u00e0 k\u00eanh d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cho th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n\n

Mexico: Nh\u1eefng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Teotihuacan<\/h2>\n\n

Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 Teotihuacan \u1edf mi\u1ec1n trung Mexico l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n 730 feet, c\u00f3 n\u0103m l\u1edbp b\u1eadc thang v\u00e0 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n 200 feet. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 T\u1eed th\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trung t\u00e2m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n

Sudan: Nh\u1eefng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Nubia<\/h2>\n\n

T\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n trung Sudan, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nubia, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 h\u00ecnh kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 300 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 300 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Nubia n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 sa th\u1ea1ch m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng nh\u1ecdn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n\n

Mexico: \u0110\u1ea1i kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Cholula<\/h2>\n\n

N\u1eb1m \u1edf ti\u1ec3u bang Puebla c\u1ee7a Mexico ng\u00e0y nay, \u0110\u1ea1i kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Cholula l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch c\u1ed5 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Tlachihualtepetl, c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch g\u1ea7n 45 m\u1eabu Anh v\u00e0 cao 177 feet. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ti\u1ec1n Columbus, sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aztec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Quetzalcoatl c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Sau cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ecf.<\/p>\n\n

Iraq: Ziggurat Ur<\/h2>\n\n

\u1ede L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, ziggurat l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng. Ziggurat Ur, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 h\u00f9ng v\u0129 c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u00e0y. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ba t\u1ea7ng b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7u thang v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh. Theo th\u1eddi gian, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00f9ng tu.<\/p>\n\n

Guatemala: Nh\u1eefng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Maya \u1edf Tikal<\/h2>\n\n

Tikal l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Maya t\u1eeb n\u0103m 300 \u0111\u1ebfn 900 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Trong s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 n\u0103m ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p IV. Ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n cao nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd R\u1eafn hai \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao 213 feet. Sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maya t\u1eeb b\u1ecf Tikal, nh\u1eefng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t t\u00edch trong r\u1eebng r\u1eadm trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Ng\u00e0y nay, Tikal l\u00e0 Di s\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNESCO c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n

\u00dd: Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Cestius<\/h2>\n\n

\u1ede Rome, \u00dd, Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Cestius l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 12 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean l\u00e0m l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 cho m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean quan ch\u1ee9c La M\u00e3, kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p nh\u1ecdn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng b\u00ea t\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean trong. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u00edt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 John Keats v\u00e0 Percy Bysshe Shelley.<\/p>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1eabn l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta. S\u1ef1\u5b8f\u4f1f ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nh\u1eefng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: K\u1ef3 quan ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u00dd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7586],"tags":[4548,21518,89,88,297,5519,1643,4952],"class_list":["post-16222","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ancient-civilizations","tag-egypt","tag-world-heritage-sites","tag-cultural-heritage","tag-archaeology","tag-architecture","tag-pyramids","tag-ancient-history","tag-mesoamerica"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16222","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16222"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16222\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16223,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16222\/revisions\/16223"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16222"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16222"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16222"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}