{"id":16450,"date":"2021-04-16T08:49:04","date_gmt":"2021-04-16T08:49:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=16450"},"modified":"2021-04-16T08:49:04","modified_gmt":"2021-04-16T08:49:04","slug":"gotthard-base-tunnel-worlds-longest-shortcut","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/engineering\/gotthard-base-tunnel-worlds-longest-shortcut\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m c\u01a1 s\u1edf Gotthard: K\u1ef3 quan c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong l\u00f2ng d\u00e3y Alps"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m c\u01a1 s\u1edf Gotthard: K\u1ef3 quan c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/h2>\n\n

N\u1eb1m s\u00e2u trong d\u00e3y Alps c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m c\u01a1 s\u1edf Gotthard \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. V\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c l\u00e0 57 km, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/strong>, m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n giao th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n\n

B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng<\/h2>\n\n

D\u00e3y Alps h\u00f9ng v\u0129 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i to l\u1edbn cho tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft di chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa Bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. N\u0103m 1882, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m Gotthard c\u0169, ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0i 15 km, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9 cao l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 1100 m\u00e9t so v\u1edbi m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n khi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p v\u00e0 gian nan.<\/p>\n\n

N\u0103m 1992, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn cho m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng n\u00fai<\/strong>. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a 2600 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi theo c\u00e1c ca lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean 24 gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n

Thi c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/h2>\n\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m c\u01a1 s\u1edf Gotthard l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n h\u00f2a ca gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. B\u1ed1n m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e0o h\u1ea7m<\/strong> kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, m\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfc c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1n s\u00e2n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1eafn s\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u khoan c\u00f3 g\u1eafn 58 “dao c\u1eaft h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5” b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 26 t\u1ea5n, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng qua l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng 40 m\u00e9t m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n

\u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khoan \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c. Khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u00eda nam cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p nhau t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1eefa, sau g\u1ea7n 29 km \u0111\u00e0o t\u1eeb m\u1ed7i h\u01b0\u1edbng, ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u1ec7ch nhau v\u00e0i cm \u2014 m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng cho k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n

T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m c\u01a1 s\u1edf Gotthard kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n 40 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 sang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m s\u1ebd gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf 650.000 xe t\u1ea3i kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u m\u1ed7i n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n

L\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. C\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Li\u00ean bang Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf t\u1edbi 15.000 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 250 km\/gi\u1edd, gi\u00fap r\u00fat ng\u1eafn \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gian di chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn. Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 260 t\u00e0u ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, g\u1ea5p b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m m\u1edbi s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, t\u1eeb s\u00f4 c\u00f4 la Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u00dd.<\/p>\n\n

S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m c\u01a1 s\u1edf Gotthard l\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft. Nh\u01b0 Daniel Achermann, m\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Li\u00ean bang, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: “Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t minh ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00fang.” Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 quan c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m c\u01a1 s\u1edf Gotthard: K\u1ef3 quan c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt N\u1eb1m s\u00e2u trong d\u00e3y Alps c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m c\u01a1 s\u1edf Gotthard \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1213],"tags":[3100,21782,1073,3696,21783],"class_list":["post-16450","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-engineering","tag-transportation-innovation","tag-gotthard-base-tunnel","tag-engineering-marvel","tag-environmental-sustainability","tag-swiss-excellence"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16450","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16450"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16450\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16451,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16450\/revisions\/16451"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16450"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16450"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16450"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}