{"id":16502,"date":"2023-06-17T11:28:43","date_gmt":"2023-06-17T11:28:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=16502"},"modified":"2023-06-17T11:28:43","modified_gmt":"2023-06-17T11:28:43","slug":"rembrandt-master-of-printmaking-and-drawing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/art\/printmaking-and-drawing\/rembrandt-master-of-printmaking-and-drawing\/","title":{"rendered":"Rembrandt: b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y v\u1ec1 in \u1ea5n v\u00e0 v\u1ebd"},"content":{"rendered":"

Rembrandt: b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u00e0 v\u1ebd<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/h2>\n\n

Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda s\u0129 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda s\u0129 minh h\u1ecda v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda c\u00f3 tay ngh\u1ec1 cao. Sinh ra \u1edf Leiden, H\u00e0 Lan, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1606, Rembrandt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ban \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn Amsterdam v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1631. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda s\u0129 ch\u00e2n dung v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda th\u00e0nh danh.<\/p>\n\n

Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ee7a Rembrandt r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong di s\u1ea3n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tranh v\u1ebd, tranh in v\u00e0 tranh v\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a Rembrandt trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, “Nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t v\u1ebd thi\u00ean t\u00e0i: Tranh in v\u00e0 tranh v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Rembrandt”, do Andrew Robison thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf Washington, D.C. t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Rembrandt.<\/p>\n\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Rembrandt, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecf “\u00d4ng gi\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i”, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t tinh t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh. Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 “Joseph k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh”, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n trong kinh th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd phong c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ghi ch\u00e9p<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd phong c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Rembrandt, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 “To\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh Amstel t\u1eeb Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i”, cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn tho\u00e1ng qua v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 \u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh quan H\u00e0 Lan m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n\n

Kh\u1eafc axit v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n<\/h2>\n\n

S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Rembrandt v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 kh\u1eafc axit, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m cao m\u1edbi. Kh\u1eafc axit bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp n\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c axit \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0o kim lo\u1ea1i. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n trong bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t so v\u1edbi kh\u1eafc, khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o kim lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n

C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/h2>\n\n

Rembrandt \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u1eafc axit, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u00fang v\u1edbi kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc kim lo\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, th\u00eam ho\u1eb7c b\u1edbt c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Rembrandt v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem theo d\u00f5i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n

Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh gi\u1eefa hai t\u00ean tr\u1ed9m: M\u1ed9t ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n<\/h2>\n\n

“Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh gi\u1eefa hai t\u00ean tr\u1ed9m” (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Ba c\u00e2y th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1”), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1650, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Rembrandt trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u1eafc kim lo\u1ea1i, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00e1m \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Rembrandt, m\u1ed9t C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c nh\u00e2n\u8654 th\u00e0nh, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt in \u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u1eadp k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. Trong “Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh gi\u1eefa hai t\u00ean tr\u1ed9m”, \u00f4ng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 trong Kinh th\u00e1nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n b\u00ed v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i n\u1ed7i lo l\u1eafng v\u00e0 \u0111au bu\u1ed3n bao tr\u00f9m s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n

T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n in v\u00e0 tranh v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Rembrandt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 sau n\u00e0y, truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u00f4ng qua ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rembrandt: b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u00e0 v\u1ebd \u0110\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21842],"tags":[21839,21838,21841,21840,104,5650,4341],"class_list":["post-16502","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-printmaking-and-drawing","tag-drawing","tag-printmaking","tag-drypoint","tag-etching","tag-art-history","tag-rembrandt","tag-dutch-golden-age"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16502","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16502"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16502\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16503,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16502\/revisions\/16503"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16502"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16502"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16502"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}