{"id":16705,"date":"2021-11-27T07:16:37","date_gmt":"2021-11-27T07:16:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=16705"},"modified":"2021-11-27T07:16:37","modified_gmt":"2021-11-27T07:16:37","slug":"volcanic-eruption-napoleons-waterloo-defeat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/history-of-science\/volcanic-eruption-napoleons-waterloo-defeat\/","title":{"rendered":"Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Napol\u00e9on \u1edf Waterloo: M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi n\u00fai l\u1eeda?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Napol\u00e9on \u1edf Waterloo: M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi n\u00fai l\u1eeda?<\/h2>\n\n

Tr\u1eadn Waterloo<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1815, Tr\u1eadn Waterloo \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i B\u1ec9, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecd s\u1ee9c gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p do Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte ch\u1ec9 huy v\u00e0 li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Anh, Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan. Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Napol\u00e9on t\u1ea1i Waterloo \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u1edbi trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n\n

M\u01b0a tr\u00e1i m\u00f9a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a Napol\u00e9on<\/h2>\n\n

Trong \u0111\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn, m\u01b0a l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00fat xu\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, Napol\u00e9on \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 r\u00e1o v\u00ec lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng b\u00f9n l\u1ea7y s\u1ebd c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf binh l\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1o binh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 cho c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n

M\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u1edf Indonesia<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft x\u1ea5u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Napol\u00e9on b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00e1ch xa h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn d\u1eb7m. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1815, N\u00fai Tambora tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Sumbawa c\u1ee7a Indonesia \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn tro b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n v\u00e0o b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n

Tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda trong t\u1ea7ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ly<\/h2>\n\n

Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tin r\u1eb1ng c\u1ed9t tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng b\u00ecnh l\u01b0u, c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 31 d\u1eb7m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Matthew J. Genge, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ho\u00e0ng gia London, ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 phun tr\u00e0o l\u00ean cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ly, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 50 \u0111\u1ebfn 600 d\u1eb7m so v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n

C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u00e2y<\/h2>\n\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Genge ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0o t\u1ea7ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ly. Khi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t tro t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ly, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thu h\u00fat h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n

T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Tambora \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u<\/h2>\n\n

V\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o Tambora \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t aerosol sulfat v\u00e0o kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ch\u00fang d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n lan r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp B\u00e1n c\u1ea7u B\u1eafc. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1816, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f9a h\u00e8”, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t tro t\u1eeb v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ngay t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1815.<\/p>\n\n

H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Anh<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Anh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1815 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a l\u1edbn b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. Genge cho r\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a gia t\u0103ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o Tambora v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda trong t\u1ea7ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ly.<\/p>\n\n

V\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o Krakatau v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Indonesia, Krakatau, \u0111\u00e3 phun tr\u00e0o v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1833. Ngay sau v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t \u1edf Anh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y l\u1ea1, ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng \u1edf tr\u00ean cao trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00e2y c\u1ef1c quang trung l\u01b0u, th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao l\u00ean t\u1edbi 53 d\u1eb7m so v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ngay sau v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o Krakatau cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n

Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Napol\u00e9on: M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o Tambora c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft x\u1ea5u t\u1ea1i Waterloo, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1. C\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh mang t\u00ednh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n\n

L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Genge: M\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi<\/h2>\n\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Genge \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi suy ngh\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p gi\u1eefa kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Napol\u00e9on \u1edf Waterloo: M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi n\u00fai l\u1eeda? Tr\u1eadn Waterloo V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1815, Tr\u1eadn Waterloo \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i B\u1ec9, \u0111\u00e1nh…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[17384,97,27,7431,99,1265,22102],"class_list":["post-16705","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history-of-science","tag-climate","tag-science","tag-history","tag-napoleon","tag-lifescienceart","tag-volcano","tag-waterloo"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16705","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16705"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16705\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16706,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16705\/revisions\/16706"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16705"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16705"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16705"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}