{"id":17121,"date":"2024-11-15T00:02:57","date_gmt":"2024-11-15T00:02:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=17121"},"modified":"2024-11-15T00:02:57","modified_gmt":"2024-11-15T00:02:57","slug":"george-pullman-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-sleeping-car-king","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/uncategorized\/george-pullman-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-sleeping-car-king\/","title":{"rendered":"George Pullman: S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady v\u00e0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng vua xe gi\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

George Pullman: S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady v\u00e0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng vua xe gi\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m<\/h2>\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u<\/h2>\n\n

George Pullman b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong ng\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, n\u00e2ng v\u00e0 di d\u1eddi c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 \u1edf Chicago. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t doanh nh\u00e2n nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn xa tr\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u1eadn ra ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft.<\/p>\n\n

C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng xe gi\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m<\/h2>\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Pullman nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cung c\u1ea5p tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m du l\u1ecbch tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 sang tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng toa xe gi\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n

\u0110\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Pullman v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h2>\n\n

Th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 mua l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp, c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a Pullman \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ng\u00e0nh xe gi\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m. Pullman Car Company \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Pullman ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1. \u00d4ng tr\u1ea3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu m\u00e0 \u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng Pullman<\/h2>\n\n

N\u0103m 1893, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c suy tho\u00e1i tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng. Pullman ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch sa th\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1 thu\u00ea t\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Qu\u00e1 ch\u00e1n ng\u00e1n v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Pullman \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1894.<\/p>\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng Pullman v\u00e0 Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Hoa K\u1ef3<\/h2>\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng Pullman \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1edfi Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Hoa K\u1ef3 (ARU), m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn do Eugene V. Debs th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. ARU \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu t\u1ea9y chay c\u00e1c toa xe Pullman cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n

S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7<\/h2>\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng Pullman \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p Richard Olney tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn “b\u1edd v\u1ef1c h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n”. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Grover Cleveland \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i li\u00ean bang \u0111\u1ebfn Chicago \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n

H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng<\/h2>\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng Pullman cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn phong tr\u00e0o lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. N\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ARU v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c trong n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Pullman<\/h2>\n\n

Danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a George Pullman kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng Pullman. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tham lam c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1edd \u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Pullman qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1897 v\u00e0 thi th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecdc trong b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u1ed1t th\u00e9p v\u00ec s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb b\u00e1ng b\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n

T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng Pullman \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3<\/h2>\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng Pullman l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3. N\u00f3 ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng chia r\u1ebd s\u00e2u s\u1eafc gi\u1eefa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n trong K\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean Gilded v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u0169ng gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ed1c Phi v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

George Pullman: S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady v\u00e0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng vua xe gi\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u George Pullman b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24873,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[17452,22604,4015,19,22606,22605,2413],"class_list":["post-17121","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-labor-unions","tag-george-pullman","tag-industrial-revolution","tag-american-history","tag-railroad-industry","tag-sleeping-cars","tag-gilded-age"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17121","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17121"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17121\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24874,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17121\/revisions\/24874"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24873"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17121"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17121"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17121"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}