{"id":17227,"date":"2026-01-20T03:18:59","date_gmt":"2026-01-20T03:18:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=17227"},"modified":"2026-01-20T03:18:59","modified_gmt":"2026-01-20T03:18:59","slug":"forgotten-pioneers-free-african-americans-northwest-territory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/uncategorized\/forgotten-pioneers-free-african-americans-northwest-territory\/","title":{"rendered":"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thi\u1ebft L\u1eadp T\u1ef1 Do: C\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 G\u1ed1c Phi T\u1ea1i V\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ea5t T\u00e2y B\u1eafc"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi t\u1ef1 do \u1edf V\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc<\/h2>\n\n

Khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, V\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u1ecdn h\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng c\u1ee7a hy v\u1ecdng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi t\u1ef1 do. Khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana v\u00e0 Wisconsin, mang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb g\u00f4ng c\u00f9m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n\n

D\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn V\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1edbi 500 \u0111\u00f4 la \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd ki\u00ean tr\u00ec v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0.<\/p>\n\n

C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp<\/h2>\n\n

Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi t\u1ef1 do ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt h\u01a1n l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. H\u1ecd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd so v\u1edbi chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u1edf V\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 da \u0111en s\u1ed1ng c\u1ea1nh nhau nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a thu\u1eadn, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 dung th\u1ee9. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n

L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a c\u00e1c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng M\u1ef9, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho m\u1ecdi nam gi\u1edbi, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, theo \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt T\u00e2y B\u1eafc n\u0103m 1792.<\/p>\n\n

C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. H\u1ecd l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u00f3m n\u00e0o kh\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 m\u00e0u da c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t con d\u1ed1c tr\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n

\u0110\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n\n

B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf V\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc, c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng g\u1ed1c Phi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi, bu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda.<\/p>\n\n

\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 B\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n n\u0103m 1850 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n V\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n, l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n th\u00eam quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh Dred Scott n\u0103m 1857 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0111ang t\u1ef1 do hay b\u1ecb n\u00f4 l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n

T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ghi nh\u1edb<\/h2>\n\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi t\u1ef1 do \u1edf V\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3, l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n

B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng tri \u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 c\u00f2n hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00ec b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi t\u1ef1 do \u1edf V\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc Khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, V\u00f9ng…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":25216,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[64,902,186,22706,19,1434,1080,765,22707,22589,1879],"class_list":["post-17227","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-equality","tag-racism","tag-migration","tag-free-african-americans","tag-american-history","tag-black-history","tag-african-american-history","tag-slavery","tag-northwest-territory","tag-pioneers","tag-civil-rights"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17227","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17227"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17227\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25217,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17227\/revisions\/25217"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25216"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17227"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17227"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17227"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}