{"id":17506,"date":"2025-11-30T14:33:13","date_gmt":"2025-11-30T14:33:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=17506"},"modified":"2025-11-30T14:33:13","modified_gmt":"2025-11-30T14:33:13","slug":"did-this-map-guide-columbus-a-mysterious-15th-century-document-deciphered","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/history-of-science\/did-this-map-guide-columbus-a-mysterious-15th-century-document-deciphered\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eabn l\u1ed1i Columbus? Gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u00ed \u1ea9n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15!"},"content":{"rendered":"

B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho Columbus kh\u00f4ng?<\/h2>\n\n

Gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u00ed \u1ea9n t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15<\/h2>\n\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u00ed \u1ea9n t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00f4 danh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1491, t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua do v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u1edd l\u00e0m lu m\u1edd n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1edd c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n

G\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Columbus<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c manh m\u1ed1i cho th\u1ea5y Christopher Columbus c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 tham kh\u1ea3o n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1492. V\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1491 v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 Ch\u00e2u \u00c1, Ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a Columbus r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf g\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 l\u00ean Bahamas.<\/p>\n\n

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Henricus Martellus<\/h2>\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3, Henricus Martellus, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf Florence, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Claudius Ptolemy. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Martellus c\u0169ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft t\u1eeb c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a Marco Polo v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha quanh M\u0169i H\u1ea3o V\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n

M\u1ed9t m\u1eaft x\u00edch c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu trong b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp Chet Van Duzer \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m t\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 60 \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng. Van Duzer n\u00f3i: \u201c\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eaft x\u00edch c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d.<\/p>\n\n

K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u1edd, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 d\u01b0\u1edbi 12 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm \u0111\u1ebfn tia h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m x\u1ebfp l\u1edbp, \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00f5 n\u00e9t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u1ea9n.<\/p>\n\n

Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a Martellus<\/h2>\n\n

Van Duzer v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng Martellus \u0111\u00e3 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nhau trong vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Marco Polo. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Isidore of Seville.<\/p>\n\n

B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Waldseemuller v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Martellus<\/h2>\n\n

B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Waldseemuller, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1507, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn t\u1eeb t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Martellus. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Martellus trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n

M\u1ed9t c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/h2>\n\n

V\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 H\u1eadu Trung C\u1ed5. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh K\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho Columbus kh\u00f4ng? Gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u00ed \u1ea9n t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15 Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":25124,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[23011,19660,23013,23012,564,1681],"class_list":["post-17506","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history-of-science","tag-15th-century-map","tag-christopher-columbus","tag-henricus-martellus","tag-historical-cartography","tag-exploration","tag-renaissance-cartography"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17506","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17506"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17506\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25125,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17506\/revisions\/25125"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25124"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17506"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17506"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17506"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}