{"id":17594,"date":"2025-09-21T06:47:45","date_gmt":"2025-09-21T06:47:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=17594"},"modified":"2025-09-21T06:47:45","modified_gmt":"2025-09-21T06:47:45","slug":"oldest-illustration-of-venice-14th-century-discovery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/art\/art-history\/oldest-illustration-of-venice-14th-century-discovery\/","title":{"rendered":"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng: B\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 Venice!"},"content":{"rendered":"

B\u1ee9c tranh minh h\u1ecda c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 Venice: Ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14<\/h2>\n\n

Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o<\/h2>\n\n

Trong tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale \u1edf Florence, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho b\u00e1u \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u: Libro d\u2019Oltramare, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng b\u1ee9c tranh minh h\u1ecda c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 Venice. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00dd trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eadt k\u00fd h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Tu s\u0129 Niccol\u00f2 da Poggibonsi<\/h2>\n\n

B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadt k\u00fd h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi Tu s\u0129 Niccol\u00f2 da Poggibonsi, m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng Phan Sinh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb Venice \u0111\u1ebfn Jerusalem v\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1346. Trong su\u1ed1t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng th\u1ea1ch cao, ghi l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m linh thi\u00eang m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m. Khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Venice v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1350, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong Libro d\u2019Oltramare.<\/p>\n\n

B\u1ee9c tranh minh h\u1ecda Venice<\/h2>\n\n

Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c trang c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o, m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh minh h\u1ecda chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Venice n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u00f4 danh, b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0, k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o v\u00e0 thuy\u1ec1n gondola \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i m\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh minh h\u1ecda Venice, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1330.<\/p>\n\n

Venice th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng<\/h2>\n\n

Sandra Toffolo, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Venice th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc St. Andrews, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y. C\u00f4 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: “B\u1ee9c tranh minh h\u1ecda th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 say m\u00ea s\u00e2u s\u1eafc m\u00e0 Venice \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm.”<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Tu s\u0129 Niccol\u00f2<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u1eadt k\u00fd h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Tu s\u0129 Niccol\u00f2 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec b\u1ee9c tranh minh h\u1ecda m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba danh \u1edf \u0110\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ea3i ch\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u00e1nh tay l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh minh h\u1ecda b\u1ed5 sung<\/h2>\n\n

Ngo\u00e0i b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd Venice, b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh minh h\u1ecda h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn kh\u00e1c. Tu s\u0129 Niccol\u00f2 \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 voi v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac \u1edf Cairo, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 V\u00f2m \u0110\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec1n Solomon \u1edf Jerusalem. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, thay v\u00ec d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Latinh c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n\n

L\u01b0u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 sao ch\u00e9p<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean c\u00e1c trang c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o cho th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sao ch\u00e9p \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “pouncing”, s\u00e0ng b\u1ed9t l\u00ean gi\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh sang c\u00e1c trang m\u1edbi. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Tu s\u0129 Niccol\u00f2.<\/p>\n\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n sau n\u00e0y<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Tu s\u0129 Niccol\u00f2 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e1n cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng cho Gabriel Muffel, con trai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Nuremberg. N\u0103m 1518, m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n \u1ea9n danh c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cViaggio da Venetia al Sancto Sepolchro et al Monte Sinai\u201d (H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb Venice \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1ed9 Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 N\u00fai Sinai) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Venice. Trong ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo, v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Niccol\u00f2<\/h2>\n\n

B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadt k\u00fd h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t \u00edt v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Tu s\u0129 Niccol\u00f2. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea9n trong b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. C\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y Niccol\u00f2 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 con m\u1eaft tinh t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 chi ti\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh d\u00ed d\u1ecfm.<\/p>\n\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/h2>\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra b\u1ee9c tranh minh h\u1ecda Venice th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u00f3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn tho\u00e1ng qua v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u1eadt k\u00fd h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Tu s\u0129 Niccol\u00f2, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng. B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3, mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Venice.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

B\u1ee9c tranh minh h\u1ecda c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 Venice: Ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14 Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o Trong tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale \u1edf Florence, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho b\u00e1u…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":24963,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[710],"tags":[23110,23113,22920,23111,8262,23112,2214,2072,23114,23115,18565],"class_list":["post-17594","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-art-history","tag-14th-century","tag-biblioteca-nazionale-centrale","tag-travelogue","tag-friar-niccolo-da-poggibonsi","tag-holy-land","tag-libro-doltramare","tag-illustration","tag-renaissance-art","tag-sandra-toffolo","tag-university-of-st-andrews","tag-venice"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17594","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17594"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17594\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24964,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17594\/revisions\/24964"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24963"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17594"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17594"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17594"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}