{"id":18039,"date":"2020-04-04T08:55:00","date_gmt":"2020-04-04T08:55:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=18039"},"modified":"2020-04-04T08:55:00","modified_gmt":"2020-04-04T08:55:00","slug":"hagia-sophia-monumental-struggle-preservation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/art\/architectural-history\/hagia-sophia-monumental-struggle-preservation\/","title":{"rendered":"Hagia Sophia: M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hagia Sophia: M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng<\/h2>\n\n

K\u1ef3 quan Byzantine<\/h2>\n\n

Hagia Sophia, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u1edbn \u1edf Istanbul, l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 h\u00f9ng v\u0129 c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Byzantine. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 537, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian kh\u00e9p k\u00edn l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7. M\u00e1i v\u00f2m \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh gh\u00e9p tinh x\u1ea3o, v\u01b0\u01a1n cao 180 feet so v\u1edbi s\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/h2>\n\n

Hagia Sophia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Trong h\u01a1n 900 n\u0103m, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Sau khi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman chinh ph\u1ee5c Constantinople v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1453, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i. N\u0103m 1934, nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c Kemal Ataturk \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 th\u1edd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 “m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh”.<\/p>\n\n

Xung \u0111\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/h2>\n\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Hagia Sophia v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh\u596a. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c coi nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1ea1i khao kh\u00e1t bi\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 th\u1edd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o s\u00e2u s\u1eafc trong Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n\n

Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n<\/h2>\n\n

B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Hagia Sophia v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n. Nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf b\u00ea v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. N\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea5m, s\u01a1n bong tr\u00f3c v\u00e0 tranh gh\u00e9p xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p. C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u00f9ng tu to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u00e0 th\u1edd s\u1ebd ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la.<\/p>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n Byzantine<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh gh\u00e9p tinh x\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Hagia Sophia m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, \u0110\u1ee9c Trinh N\u1eef Maria v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Byzantine. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn tho\u00e1ng qua v\u1ec1 di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Byzantine. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt coi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp tranh gh\u00e9p Byzantine to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n

Ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Justinian<\/h2>\n\n

Hagia Sophia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Justinian, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Byzantine t\u1eeb n\u0103m 527 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 565. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Justinian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 Hagia Sophia ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Quy m\u00f4\u5b8f\u4f1f v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch trang tr\u00ed xa hoa c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n Ottoman<\/h2>\n\n

Sau cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman, Hagia Sophia \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. C\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn th\u00e1p do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u th\u01a1 trong kinh Koran \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng, che khu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ee9c tranh gh\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n

Kho b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Istanbul<\/h2>\n\n

Hagia Sophia l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho b\u1ee9c tranh v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Istanbul. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Byzantine, Ottoman v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa, H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau th\u00edch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n

B\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/h2>\n\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a Hagia Sophia v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u0169ng ph\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng \u0111en l\u00ean kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. Khi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u00e0y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hagia Sophia: M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng K\u1ef3 quan Byzantine Hagia Sophia, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u1edbn \u1edf Istanbul, l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 h\u00f9ng v\u0129 c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Byzantine. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1854],"tags":[817,3188,23620,89,23507,17596,104,2526,23621],"class_list":["post-18039","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-architectural-history","tag-preservation","tag-religious-symbolism","tag-ottoman-empire","tag-cultural-heritage","tag-istanbul","tag-byzantine-architecture","tag-art-history","tag-hagia-sophia","tag-secularism"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18039","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18039"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18039\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18040,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18039\/revisions\/18040"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18039"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18039"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18039"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}