{"id":18106,"date":"2025-09-07T17:04:22","date_gmt":"2025-09-07T17:04:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=18106"},"modified":"2025-09-07T17:04:22","modified_gmt":"2025-09-07T17:04:22","slug":"nicolas-appert-the-father-of-canning","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/food-science\/nicolas-appert-the-father-of-canning\/","title":{"rendered":"Nicolas Appert: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai sinh ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p, thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nicolas Appert: Cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m<\/h2>\n\n<p>Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chi\u1ebfn tranh C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn: l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1eed vong trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c binh l\u00ednh. N\u0103m 1795, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 treo th\u01b0\u1edfng 12.000 franc cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Nicolas Appert<\/h2>\n\n<p>Nicolas Appert, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m b\u00e1nh k\u1eb9o, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. Th\u00f4ng qua th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 sai s\u00f3t, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Appert \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0o l\u1ecd, ni\u00eam phong ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111un s\u00f4i ch\u00fang trong b\u1ed3n t\u1eafm n\u01b0\u1edbc. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t vi khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ni\u00eam phong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p<\/h2>\n\n<p>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p c\u1ee7a Appert d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed:<\/strong> Vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed kh\u1ecfi l\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec7t:<\/strong> Vi\u1ec7c \u0111un s\u00f4i l\u1ecd trong b\u1ed3n t\u1eafm n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t m\u1ecdi vi sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Appert<\/h2>\n\n<p>Sau 14 n\u0103m th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, Appert \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 1810, \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 &#8220;Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m&#8221;. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Appert \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng danh hi\u1ec7u &#8220;Cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vi\u1ec7c H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p<\/h2>\n\n<p>N\u0103m 1806, H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p c\u1ee7a Appert tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, bao g\u1ed3m th\u1ecbt, rau, tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 s\u1eefa. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">S\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Peter Durand<\/h2>\n\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Peter Durand \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p c\u1ee7a Appert b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lon thi\u1ebfc thay v\u00ec l\u1ecd th\u1ee7y tinh. N\u0103m 1810, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf cho lon thi\u1ebfc, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ee9a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Louis Pasteur<\/h2>\n\n<p>Nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m sau, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Louis Pasteur v\u1ec1 vi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc cho quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p c\u1ee7a Appert. Pasteur ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng vi sinh v\u1eadt g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111un n\u00f3ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p<\/h2>\n\n<p>Ph\u00e1t minh ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p c\u1ee7a Appert \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p cho ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, gi\u00fap v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch xa. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3i k\u00e9m v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng quanh n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0<\/h2>\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 quanh n\u0103m. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch r\u1eeda, g\u1ecdt v\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u1eaft theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n.<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c l\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eed tr\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 1\/2 inch kh\u00f4ng gian tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng.<\/li>\n<li>Th\u00eam b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft n\u00e0o, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c xi-r\u00f4.<\/li>\n<li>Ni\u00eam phong c\u00e1c l\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng n\u1eafp v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng.<\/li>\n<li>X\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c l\u1ecd trong b\u1ed3n t\u1eafm n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4i ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed3i h\u1ea5p trong th\u1eddi gian khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb.<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00e1c l\u1ecd ngu\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra xem ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u00eam phong \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p<\/h2>\n\n<p>C\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n cho nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, bao g\u1ed3m tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y, rau, th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>C\u00e0 chua \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u1eadu xanh \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p<\/li>\n<li>G\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p<\/li>\n<li>S\u1ed1t salsa \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">M\u1eb9o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1i, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao.<\/li>\n<li>L\u00e0m theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1eddi gian x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb.<\/li>\n<li>Kh\u1eed tr\u00f9ng l\u1ecd v\u00e0 n\u1eafp tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n<li>Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c l\u1ecd xem ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u00eam phong \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch sau khi x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<li>B\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p \u1edf n\u01a1i m\u00e1t m\u1ebb, t\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nicolas Appert: Cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ed9p V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chi\u1ebfn tranh C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[628],"tags":[7298,13132,347,23687,23688],"class_list":["post-18106","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-food-science","tag-food-preservation","tag-canning","tag-food-history","tag-nicolas-appert","tag-science-and-cooking"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18106","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18106"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18106\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24909,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18106\/revisions\/24909"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18106"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18106"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18106"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}