{"id":18523,"date":"2026-09-13T04:30:34","date_gmt":"2026-09-13T04:30:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=18523"},"modified":"2026-09-13T04:30:34","modified_gmt":"2026-09-13T04:30:34","slug":"catherine-the-great-enlightened-despot","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/uncategorized\/catherine-the-great-enlightened-despot\/","title":{"rendered":"Catherine \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf: N\u1eef Ho\u00e0ng Khai S\u00e1ng, \u0110\u1ed9c T\u00e0i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 M\u1edf R\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c Nga"},"content":{"rendered":"

Catherine the Great: The Enlightened Despot<\/h2>\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 L\u00ean ng\u00f4i<\/h2>\n\n

Catherine the Great, sinh ra v\u1edbi t\u00ean Sophia c\u1ee7a Anhalt-Zerbst, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Ph\u1ed5 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Nga n\u0103m 1762. S\u1ef1 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng tham v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh, Peter III, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh Grigory Orlov v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i c\u1ee7a Catherine l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Nga, khi b\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1eeba c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1eeba ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn.<\/p>\n\n

C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/h2>\n\n

Catherine l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng Khai s\u00e1ng. B\u00e0 tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. B\u00e0 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o Nakaz, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cH\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn\u201d, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt Nga v\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Nakaz ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Catherine \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Khai s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n\n

Catherine c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Nga. B\u00e0 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ottoman, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 Ba Lan, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nga. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho b\u00e0 danh hi\u1ec7u \u201cv\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d.<\/p>\n\n

B\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n<\/h2>\n\n

Ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Catherine \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng cho Nga. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp tranh, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Hermitage \u1edf St. Petersburg tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kho t\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. B\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t ra nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3u C\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u201cBronze Horseman\u201d c\u1ee7a Peter the Great. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Catherine \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn Nga th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 tinh hoa ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m<\/h2>\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Catherine lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u suy \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 tranh c\u00e3i. B\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef phong l\u01b0u v\u1edbi ham mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng tin \u0111\u1ed3n ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m h\u1ea1 danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Catherine c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh, b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n d\u00e2n gian th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n\n

M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c<\/h2>\n\n

D\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Catherine c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn. Cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng Khai s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nga, n\u01a1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1eadp trung. Catherine nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e0 lo s\u1ee3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap b\u00e0 n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. S\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i khai s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n\n

K\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Catherine v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1796 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Nga. B\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf v\u1ecb b\u1edfi con trai, Paul I, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p h\u01a1n. Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Catherine v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i. B\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o khai s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 Nga, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00ec xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4.<\/p>\n\n

Catherine the Great: M\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/h2>\n\n

Catherine the Great l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i tr\u1ecb v\u00ec m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc tr\u00ean Nga, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh v\u0103n ho\u00e1, bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a Catherine \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u00e0 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Catherine the Great: The Enlightened Despot Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 L\u00ean ng\u00f4i Catherine the Great, sinh ra v\u1edbi t\u00ean Sophia c\u1ee7a Anhalt-Zerbst, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Ph\u1ed5 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":25566,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[5373,5374,2210,22977,2323,8664,63],"class_list":["post-18523","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-catherine-the-great","tag-empress","tag-enlightenment","tag-contradictions","tag-russia","tag-reform","tag-culture"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18523","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18523"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18523\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25567,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18523\/revisions\/25567"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25566"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18523"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18523"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18523"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}