{"id":2034,"date":"2023-12-02T05:27:56","date_gmt":"2023-12-02T05:27:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=2034"},"modified":"2023-12-02T05:27:56","modified_gmt":"2023-12-02T05:27:56","slug":"harriet-martineau-victorian-woman-who-defied-medical-norms","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/life\/womens-history\/harriet-martineau-victorian-woman-who-defied-medical-norms\/","title":{"rendered":"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi Victoria ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c y h\u1ecdc: C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Harriet Martineau"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Harriet Martineau: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi Victoria ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c y h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0110\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe<\/h2>\n\n<p>Harriet Martineau, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n th\u1eddi Victoria l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c, sinh n\u0103m 1802 trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh trung l\u01b0u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ebfc t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n y t\u1ebf<\/h2>\n\n<p>N\u0103m 1839, Martineau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng sa t\u1eed cung v\u00e0 u polyp, nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng khi\u1ebfn b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i l\u1ea1i. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh n\u0103m n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo \u1edf trong ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u1ee7a y t\u00e1 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n y t\u1ebf<\/h2>\n\n<p>Trong th\u1eddi gian b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh, Martineau t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb y t\u1ebf, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c ng\u00e0nh y th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 do nam gi\u1edbi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u00f4i mi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh<\/h2>\n\n<p>Kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Martineau v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0n t\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho b\u00e0 vi\u1ebft &#8220;Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh&#8221; (1844), m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Victoria v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt. B\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n n\u00ean c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Th\u00f4i mi\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i<\/h2>\n\n<p>N\u0103m 1844, Martineau \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00f4i mi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. B\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi c\u01a1n \u0111au c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. B\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 th\u00f4i mi\u00ean, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng y t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/h2>\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Martineau v\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 trao quy\u1ec1n cho b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m, \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. B\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Anh \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Di s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/h2>\n\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Martineau \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o b\u1ecb lu m\u1edd theo th\u1eddi gian. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay. B\u00e0 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi Victoria v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Harriet Martineau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Victoria<\/h2>\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Martineau \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Victoria:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n y t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n.<\/li>\n<li>Vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 th\u00f4i mi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf.<\/li>\n<li>Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0n t\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t.<\/li>\n<li>Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Martineau v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Harriet Martineau: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eddi Victoria ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c y h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe Harriet Martineau, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n th\u1eddi Victoria l\u1ed7i&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4321],"tags":[3694,169,705,4320,4318,1900,4319],"class_list":["post-2034","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-womens-history","tag-social-activism","tag-womens-history","tag-medical-history","tag-mesmerism","tag-disability-rights","tag-victorian-era","tag-patient-advocacy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2034","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2034"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2034\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2035,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2034\/revisions\/2035"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2034"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2034"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2034"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}