V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh nh\u1eefng lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m sinh vi\u00ean ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Michigan \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng: m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean t\u00f2a gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc xe Ford s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1959. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Phi\u00ean t\u00f2a xe h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Michigan, s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n
V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1970, kho\u1ea3ng 1.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ecf \u1edf trung t\u00e2m khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ann Arbor \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn phi\u00ean t\u00f2a. Chi\u1ebfc xe b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i “gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ranh gi\u1edbi ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00f9n t\u1eafc giao th\u00f4ng, t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o”.<\/p>\n\n
Phi\u00ean t\u00f2a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e0n nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, bao g\u1ed3m “Rob Rockyfeller”, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda aspirin, v\u00e0 “Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Sigmund Ford”, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i.<\/p>\n\n
M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho chi\u1ebfc xe, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 l\u1ec5 \u0111u\u1ed5i \u00f4ng ta kh\u1ecfi b\u0103ng gh\u1ebf d\u1ef1 b\u1ecb v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n phi\u00ean t\u00f2a cho \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i. Chi\u1ebfc xe b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1 th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng m\u1ea3nh b\u1eb1ng b\u00faa t\u1ea1.<\/p>\n\n
Phi\u00ean t\u00f2a xe h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Michigan kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi gian d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Ng\u00e0y Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1970.<\/p>\n\n
V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tin r\u1eb1ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c giao th\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n. Phi\u00ean t\u00f2a \u1edf Michigan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o nh\u1eb1m thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4 t\u00f4 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n\n
Phi\u00ean t\u00f2a xe h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Michigan \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn phong tr\u00e0o b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng do \u00f4 t\u00f4 g\u00e2y ra v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n
Phi\u00ean t\u00f2a c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, C\u01a1 quan B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (EPA) \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4 t\u00f4, v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed S\u1ea1ch, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n
Phi\u00ean t\u00f2a xe h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Michigan v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n
Ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1970, nh\u01b0ng nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u1eabn c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Phi\u00ean t\u00f2a xe h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Michigan ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f9ng nhau h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai xanh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n
M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4 t\u00f4 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c, v\u1ed1n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 di d\u1eddi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c khu ph\u1ed1, san b\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n chia c\u1eaft c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n
Phi\u00ean t\u00f2a xe h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Michigan l\u00e0 h\u1ed3i chu\u00f4ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00f4 t\u00f4 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cung c\u1ea5p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n
Phi\u00ean t\u00f2a xe h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Michigan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4 t\u00f4. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau phi\u00ean t\u00f2a, EPA \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4 t\u00f4, v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed S\u1ea1ch, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n
Nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1eeb \u00f4 t\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eb1m chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang xe \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu.<\/p>\n\n
Phi\u00ean t\u00f2a xe h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Michigan \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1ea5y \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n\n
M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c giao th\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n. Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n
Phi\u00ean t\u00f2a xe h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Michigan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng do \u00f4 t\u00f4 g\u00e2y ra, truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a phi\u00ean t\u00f2a ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f9ng nhau h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai xanh h\u01a1n.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Phi\u00ean t\u00f2a xe h\u01a1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Michigan: M\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t trong ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[67,4720,120,4721],"class_list":["post-2281","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-environmental-science","tag-environmental-activism","tag-university-of-michigan","tag-sustainability","tag-car-culture"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2281","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2281"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2281\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2282,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2281\/revisions\/2282"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2281"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2281"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2281"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}