{"id":2341,"date":"2019-07-29T00:23:00","date_gmt":"2019-07-29T00:23:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=2341"},"modified":"2019-07-29T00:23:00","modified_gmt":"2019-07-29T00:23:00","slug":"the-myth-of-the-golden-age-detroit-autoworkers-in-the-1950s","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/life\/labor-and-industry\/the-myth-of-the-golden-age-detroit-autoworkers-in-the-1950s\/","title":{"rendered":"The Myth of the Golden Age: Detroit’s Autoworkers in the 1950s"},"content":{"rendered":"

Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 K\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean ho\u00e0ng kim: C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u00f4 t\u00f4 Detroit th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950<\/h2>\n\n

B\u1ea5t \u1ed5n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 B\u1ea5t \u1ed5n kinh t\u1ebf<\/h2>\n\n

Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u1ef9, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 Detroit. Tuy nhi\u00ean, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f3a n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n

B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong ng\u00e0nh \u00f4 t\u00f4<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e9o b\u1edf do C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u00d4 t\u00f4 Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (UAW) \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u00f4 t\u00f4 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n. Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda trong nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n\n

T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Tranh ch\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u00f4 t\u00f4 Detroit, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p lan r\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eefng tranh ch\u1ea5p n\u00e0y b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t do nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n, th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 k\u00e9m v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf c\u1eeda ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 sinh.<\/p>\n\n

Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf<\/h2>\n\n

S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p \u00edt \u1ecfi, bu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u00f4 t\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng. Ngay c\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n

L\u1eddi h\u1ee9a d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 v\u1ec1 K\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean ho\u00e0ng kim<\/h2>\n\n

Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 “K\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean ho\u00e0ng kim” \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u00f4 t\u00f4 Detroit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eau d\u1ec7t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng theo gi\u1edd v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n

T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean<\/h2>\n\n

Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 Detroit. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, chi ti\u00eau qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, trong khi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i kim lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u1edf Detroit. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng gia t\u0103ng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, v\u1edbi t\u1edbi 250.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n

Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 T\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt, cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u00f4 t\u00f4. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb sa th\u1ea3i trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 suy tho\u00e1i.<\/p>\n\n

Chu k\u1ef3 B\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Suy tho\u00e1i<\/h2>\n\n

Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 suy tho\u00e1i trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950. C\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u cao d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u0103ng tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb x\u00f3a s\u1ed5 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t suy tho\u00e1i sau \u0111\u00f3. Cu\u1ed9c suy tho\u00e1i n\u0103m 1958 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u00f4 t\u00f4 t\u1ea1i Detroit khi c\u00f3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a K\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean ho\u00e0ng kim<\/h2>\n\n

Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 “K\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean ho\u00e0ng kim” \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u00f4 t\u00f4 Detroit \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n h\u00f3a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n, trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong ng\u00e0nh \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950<\/h2>\n\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u1edf Detroit v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 “K\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean ho\u00e0ng kim” g\u1ee3i \u00fd. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong ng\u00e0nh \u00f4 t\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 sa th\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u00f4 t\u00f4 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kinh t\u1ebf v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 K\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean ho\u00e0ng kim: C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u00f4 t\u00f4 Detroit th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1950 B\u1ea5t \u1ed5n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 B\u1ea5t \u1ed5n kinh t\u1ebf Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4822],"tags":[3060,4820,243,4821,4016],"class_list":["post-2341","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-labor-and-industry","tag-economic-inequality","tag-industrial-workers","tag-resilience","tag-detroit-history","tag-labor-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2341","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2341"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2341\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2342,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2341\/revisions\/2342"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2341"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2341"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2341"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}