{"id":2515,"date":"2024-05-22T10:23:41","date_gmt":"2024-05-22T10:23:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=2515"},"modified":"2024-05-22T10:23:41","modified_gmt":"2024-05-22T10:23:41","slug":"sarah-fielding-pioneer-female-education-childrens-literature","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/life\/education\/sarah-fielding-pioneer-female-education-childrens-literature\/","title":{"rendered":"Sarah Fielding: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u1eef gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc thi\u1ebfu nhi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sarah Fielding: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u1eef gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc thi\u1ebfu nhi<\/h2>\n\n

Th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp<\/h2>\n\n

Sarah Fielding ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1710 trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1eddi con. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 cha b\u00e0 g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i t\u00f9, Fielding v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa d\u00e0nh cho n\u1eef sinh. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c cho m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Latin.<\/p>\n\n

S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p vi\u1ebft v\u0103n<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng ch\u1edd v\u00e0o gia s\u1ea3n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf hay s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1eeb b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, Fielding \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng sang vi\u1ebft v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng. Cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u tay c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, “Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a David Simple”, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1744, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Fielding th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Samuel Richardson, qua \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ng\u1ee3i khen t\u1eeb h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n

The Governess (C\u00f4 gia s\u01b0)<\/h2>\n\n

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Fielding l\u00e0 “The Governess” (C\u00f4 gia s\u01b0), xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1749. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u1eef gi\u1edbi. Th\u00f4ng qua nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f4 Teachum, “The Governess” truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00fang m\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c b\u00e9 g\u00e1i vun \u0111\u1eafp nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n, s\u1ef1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng ki\u00ean tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1eef t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/h2>\n\n

L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, Fielding \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00edt h\u01a1n nam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Fielding \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n

T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u1eef gi\u1edbi<\/h2>\n\n

Fielding tin r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c trao quy\u1ec1n cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. B\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef “tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n”, qua \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Khi s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c “The Governess”, Fielding hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho nh\u1eefng b\u00e9 g\u00e1i theo \u0111u\u1ed5i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n

S\u1ee9c c\u0103ng gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Fielding th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c c\u0103ng gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng b\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn ra t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. S\u1ee9c c\u0103ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18.<\/p>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/h2>\n\n

“The Governess” \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vang d\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n trong h\u01a1n 150 n\u0103m. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc thi\u1ebfu nhi v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u1eef gi\u1edbi. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Fielding \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 ca ng\u1ee3i, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n

Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Fielding, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u1eef t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng.<\/p>\n\n

S\u1eeda ch\u1eefa h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/h2>\n\n

Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1eef t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 Sarah Fielding \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua ho\u1eb7c coi nh\u1eb9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa s\u1ef1 thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1eef t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sarah Fielding: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u1eef gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc thi\u1ebfu nhi Th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp Sarah Fielding ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":23496,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1513],"tags":[5083,169,5085,5084,1734],"class_list":["post-2515","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-education","tag-female-education","tag-womens-history","tag-literary-trailblazer","tag-18th-century","tag-childrens-literature"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2515","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2515"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2515\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2516,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2515\/revisions\/2516"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23496"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2515"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2515"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2515"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}