{"id":2730,"date":"2020-01-11T10:50:13","date_gmt":"2020-01-11T10:50:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=2730"},"modified":"2020-01-11T10:50:13","modified_gmt":"2020-01-11T10:50:13","slug":"4-h-a-complex-legacy-in-american-agriculture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/agriculture\/4-h-a-complex-legacy-in-american-agriculture\/","title":{"rendered":"4-H: M\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong ng\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Hoa K\u1ef3"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4-H: M\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong ng\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Hoa K\u1ef3<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n\n<p>4-H, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1900. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p canh t\u00e1c m\u1edbi, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a qu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 tr\u1ed3ng ng\u00f4, c\u00e0 chua v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c d\u00e0nh cho tr\u1ebb em. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt canh t\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">S\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a USDA v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p<\/h2>\n\n<p>N\u0103m 1914, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Smith-Lever ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i l\u00e2n c\u1eadn, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khuy\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1921, c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u00e0nh cho thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a 4-H, vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a &#8220;\u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c, tr\u00e1i tim, \u0111\u00f4i tay v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe&#8221; m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd tham gia \u0111\u1ec3 &#8220;l\u00e0m cho \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n<p>USDA t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ean v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1939. Ng\u00e0y nay, 4-H nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7n Th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a USDA, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng 4-H Qu\u1ed1c gia phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 Monsanto, ConAgra, DuPont v\u00e0 Altria.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi<\/h2>\n\n<p>Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean 4-H kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef. Trong khi c\u00e1c b\u00e9 trai t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c b\u00e9 g\u00e1i tham gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y con c\u00e1i, n\u1ea5u \u0103n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp kh\u00e1ch. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi, 4-H \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap USDA th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean khuy\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean, t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng tin c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng sang c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a, th\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng v\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 II v\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau<\/h2>\n\n<p>V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 II, tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a 4-H \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c cho n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tranh. Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 4-H \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n\n<p>4-H ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 4-H c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt D\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n n\u0103m 1964 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, 4-H \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/h2>\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean tham gia 4-H \u0111ang kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p canh t\u00e1c b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3, gia s\u00fac th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0103n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i hormone t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, lo\u1ea1i hormone n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia do lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng kh\u1ea3 quan, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 cao h\u01a1n khi \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n<p>4-H ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc STEM, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a \u0111u\u00f4i d\u00e0i b\u1ed5 sung:<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a 4-H \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n<\/li>\n<li>Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a 4-H trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/li>\n<li>Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 4-H ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21<\/li>\n<li>T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp trong 4-H<\/li>\n<li>T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a 4-H trong ng\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Hoa K\u1ef3<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>4-H: M\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong ng\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Hoa K\u1ef3 Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a 4-H, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean mang&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1196],"tags":[5441,170,97,27,287,926,120,5442],"class_list":["post-2730","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-agriculture","tag-4-h","tag-education","tag-science","tag-history","tag-agriculture","tag-farming","tag-sustainability","tag-youth-development"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2730","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2730"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2730\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2731,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2730\/revisions\/2731"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2730"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2730"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2730"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}