{"id":2752,"date":"2020-03-11T03:32:53","date_gmt":"2020-03-11T03:32:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=2752"},"modified":"2020-03-11T03:32:53","modified_gmt":"2020-03-11T03:32:53","slug":"14th-century-papal-bull-fragment-unearthed-in-poland","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/archaeology\/14th-century-papal-bull-fragment-unearthed-in-poland\/","title":{"rendered":"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 con d\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u1edf Ba Lan"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 con d\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u1edf Ba Lan<\/h2>\n\n

Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1ea3nh s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Ba Lan, n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a con d\u1ea5u ch\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt. Di t\u00edch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Jacek Ukowski, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f2 kim lo\u1ea1i, t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y g\u1ea7n l\u00e0ng Wysoka Kamie\u0144ska c\u1ee7a Ba Lan. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong khu v\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng<\/h2>\n\n

S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c do ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh, theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u00eam phong b\u1eb1ng con d\u1ea5u kim lo\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c tuy\u00ean th\u00e1nh c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef “s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng” b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Latin “bulla”, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “con d\u1ea5u”.<\/p>\n\n

\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng ch\u00ec nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc c\u00e1c ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tin r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1303 \u0111\u1ebfn 1352. Ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng, khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/p>\n\n

Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/h2>\n\n

D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean phong c\u00e1ch ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng di t\u00edch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec v\u00e0o n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14: Benedict XI, Clement V, Benedict XII ho\u1eb7c Clement VI. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y<\/h2>\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y, hai m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a Ba Lan. M\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con d\u1ea5u ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Benedict XII (1334-1342). M\u1ea3nh th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Innocent VIII (1484-1492). C\u1ea3 ba m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Kamie\u0144.<\/p>\n\n

T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/h2>\n\n

Theo Grzegorz Kurka, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee5c s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Ba Lan, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng di v\u1eadt qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 th\u1ee9 ba n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u1edf Ba Lan th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u01a1i n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y. H\u1ecd suy \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a di v\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n.<\/p>\n\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u1edf Ba Lan l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Di t\u00edch n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Trung c\u1ed5. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00ed \u1ea9n xung quanh ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Ba Lan.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 con d\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u1edf Ba Lan Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1ea3nh s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[191],"tags":[1677,5473,5474,88,1026],"class_list":["post-2752","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archaeology","tag-poland","tag-religious-artifacts","tag-papal-bulls","tag-archaeology","tag-medieval-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2752","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2752"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2752\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2753,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2752\/revisions\/2753"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2752"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2752"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2752"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}