Ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1864, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Abraham Lincoln \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Yosemite Grant, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc then ch\u1ed1t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5p “Thung l\u0169ng Yo-Semite” v\u00e0 Mariposa Big Tree Grove g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 cho ti\u1ec3u bang California, v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh “cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang”.<\/p>\n\n
\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c hoang d\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n\n
\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Yosemite Grant giao cho California tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Thung l\u0169ng Yosemite v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u01a1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1ee6y vi\u00ean Yosemite m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u1ea3nh quan n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Frederick Law Olmsted, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n
Olmsted \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a du kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lo ng\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, du l\u1ecbch \u1edf Yosemite v\u1eabn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia Yosemite v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1872 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean bang v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1903.<\/p>\n\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ebfn, Thung l\u0169ng Yosemite l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 trong c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t v\u00e0ng n\u0103m 1849 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ecb di d\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng bi th\u1ea3m trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Yosemite.<\/p>\n\n
\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Yosemite Grant \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh cho vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1ec9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Yellowstone, n\u01a1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1872.<\/p>\n\n
Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c gia Yellowstone t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Yosemite Grant, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai “v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n”. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 quan thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n
Vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Yosemite v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau b\u1eadt t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n
\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Yosemite Grant v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn nhu c\u1ea7u qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng gi\u00fap c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n\n
Frederick Law Olmsted, m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u1ea3nh quan l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Yosemite. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n
T\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Olmsted d\u00e0nh cho Yosemite bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0nh cho xe ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u01a1n v\u1edbi du kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t hoang d\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n
\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Yosemite Grant \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean do ti\u1ec3u bang qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd sang c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia do li\u00ean bang qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n
Vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia Yosemite v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1872 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, n\u01a1i tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y di s\u1ea3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Yosemite: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia Ch\u1eef k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Lincoln v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng Ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1864,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[237],"tags":[401,250,5811,5813,5812,27,252],"class_list":["post-2967","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nature-and-environment","tag-conservation","tag-national-parks","tag-yosemite-national-park","tag-frederick-law-olmsted","tag-landscape-architecture","tag-history","tag-nature"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2967","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2967"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2967\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2968,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2967\/revisions\/2968"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2967"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2967"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2967"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}