{"id":3096,"date":"2022-09-02T04:08:15","date_gmt":"2022-09-02T04:08:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=3096"},"modified":"2022-09-02T04:08:15","modified_gmt":"2022-09-02T04:08:15","slug":"sociology-of-gift-giving","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/social-science\/sociology-of-gift-giving\/","title":{"rendered":"X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0: Qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o"},"content":{"rendered":"

X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0: Qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/h2>\n\n

T\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0: M\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/h2>\n\n

T\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n

L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trao \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a Marcel Mauss<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a Marcel Mauss. Mauss l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c trao \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u00d4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ba ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng: t\u1eb7ng, nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ec5.<\/p>\n\n

T\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 \u1edf Muncie, Indiana<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 \u1edf th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Muncie, Indiana. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t h\u01a1n 4.000 m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng trong 366 l\u1ec5 Gi\u00e1ng sinh, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh chi ph\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0. Qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho \u0111\u00fang ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang lo\u1ea1i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, cha m\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1eb7ng nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e0 cho tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf, trong khi v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1eb7ng nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e0 cho nhau.<\/p>\n\n

T\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng trang l\u1ee9a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c em th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1edf th\u00edch v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m.<\/p>\n\n

Vai tr\u00f2 gi\u1edbi trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng Gi\u00e1ng sinh<\/h2>\n\n

V\u0103n h\u00f3a qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng Gi\u00e1ng sinh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 gi\u1edbi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m mua s\u1eafm v\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 Gi\u00e1ng sinh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u00e1p l\u1ef1c cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n

Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 Gi\u00e1ng sinh<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, Gi\u00e1ng sinh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0y t\u1ecf t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n

M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/h2>\n\n

Qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng. Qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 xin l\u1ed7i v\u00ec nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn qu\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u0111i c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n

C\u00e1ch t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/h2>\n\n

T\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i qu\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng, c\u00e1ch t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng xung quanh vi\u1ec7c t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u1eafm gi\u1eef. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u1eb7ng nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng, trong khi \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c, t\u1eb7ng nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 xa x\u1ec9 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n

T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0<\/h2>\n\n

T\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a to l\u1edbn. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y sang th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c. T\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 theo th\u1eddi gian<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian. Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 sinh nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m tang. Ng\u00e0y nay, qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao t\u1eb7ng v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m sinh nh\u1eadt, ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m. C\u00e1ch t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian. Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0: Qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o T\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0: M\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i T\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[824],"tags":[6024,2261,6021,6022,6019,6020,6023,63,1252],"class_list":["post-3096","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-social-science","tag-adolescent-behavior","tag-relationships","tag-social-norms","tag-cultural-values","tag-gift-giving","tag-social-exchange","tag-gender-roles","tag-culture","tag-sociology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3096","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3096"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3096\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3097,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3096\/revisions\/3097"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3096"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3096"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3096"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}