{"id":3576,"date":"2021-02-22T21:10:48","date_gmt":"2021-02-22T21:10:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=3576"},"modified":"2021-02-22T21:10:48","modified_gmt":"2021-02-22T21:10:48","slug":"oldest-chess-piece-unearthed-in-jordan-sheds-light-on-games-origins","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/archaeology\/oldest-chess-piece-unearthed-in-jordan-sheds-light-on-games-origins\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu\u00e2n c\u1edd vua c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt \u1edf Jordan h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i"},"content":{"rendered":"

Qu\u00e2n c\u1edd vua c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt \u1edf Jordan h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i<\/h2>\n\n

Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Humayma<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc khai qu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1m giao d\u1ecbch H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Humayma \u1edf Jordan \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 sa th\u1ea1ch, sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n c\u1edd vua l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. Qu\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng hai ng\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y cao ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t inch, ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n th\u1edd, nh\u01b0ng khi xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n th\u00ec ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n

X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Humayma v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 680 \u0111\u1ebfn 749 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n c\u1edd v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Umayyad, khi gia t\u1ed9c Abbasid h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n

C\u1edd vua trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/h2>\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra qu\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Humayma l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 lan truy\u1ec1n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1edd vua tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. C\u1edd vua c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf Ba T\u01b0. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Trung \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o ch\u01a1i.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u00e0 Abbasid v\u00e0 c\u1edd vua<\/h2>\n\n

Humayma l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a gia t\u1ed9c Abbasid, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u00e0 Umayyad v\u00e0o n\u0103m 750 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1258 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Nh\u00e0 Abbasid \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u1edd vua.<\/p>\n\n

C\u1edd vua nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ti\u00eau khi\u1ec3n<\/h2>\n\n

C\u1edd vua nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ti\u00eau khi\u1ec3n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o s\u01a1 khai. Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng, t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi tinh hoa \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng. Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u1eb9p kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n

S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n\n

Qu\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Humayma hai ng\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n c\u1edd vua, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o b\u1edfi hai con ng\u1ef1a. Khi c\u1edd vua \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i do l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, qu\u00e2n c\u1edd v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 “rukh” trong ti\u1ebfng Ba T\u01b0, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “xe ng\u1ef1a”. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c ng\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 tr\u00ean ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c th\u00e1p, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n\n

C\u00e1c qu\u00e2n c\u1edd vua c\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 qu\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Humayma l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n c\u1edd vua l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng qu\u00e2n c\u1edd kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 danh hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Uzbekistan v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1977 c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 700 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n c\u1edd b\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0 voi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt trong m\u1ed9t cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Byzantine \u1edf Albania v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2002 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n c\u1edd vua hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh c\u00e2y th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1edd vua th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n

Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng qu\u00e2n c\u1edd c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng qu\u00e2n c\u1edd vua c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n \u0111ang ch\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y. Tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qu\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Humayma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu v\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf th\u00eam v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u00edch n\u00e0y.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Qu\u00e2n c\u1edd vua c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt \u1edf Jordan h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Humayma V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[191],"tags":[6771,6776,6773,88,6772,6775,6774],"class_list":["post-3576","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archaeology","tag-chess","tag-humayma-rook","tag-islamic-history","tag-archaeology","tag-chess-history","tag-abbasids","tag-umayyads"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3576","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3576"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3576\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3577,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3576\/revisions\/3577"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3576"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3576"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3576"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}