{"id":3705,"date":"2021-07-02T13:24:13","date_gmt":"2021-07-02T13:24:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=3705"},"modified":"2021-07-02T13:24:13","modified_gmt":"2021-07-02T13:24:13","slug":"history-of-beer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/life\/food-and-drink\/history-of-beer\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a bia: T\u1eeb kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">## L\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a bia<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">## Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a bia<\/h2>\n\n<p>Bia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 c\u1ed3n l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a bia c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u1ea5u bia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Sumer v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a bia v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u00f5, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng bia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00ecnh c\u1edd trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m b\u00e1nh m\u00ec. Theo gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00e0m b\u00e1nh m\u00ec ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi th\u00ec c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n m\u01b0a l\u1edbn. \u00d4ng ch\u1ea1y \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u1ed7 tr\u00fa \u1ea9n v\u00e0 qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed9t trong m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai ng\u00e0y, sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng s\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7c, l\u00ean men trong b\u00e1t. \u00d4ng n\u1ebfm th\u1eed, say v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: &#8220;N\u00e0y, th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y ngon \u0111\u1ea5y&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">## Bia lan r\u1ed9ng<\/h2>\n\n<p>T\u1eeb Sumer, bia lan sang Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng. Bia ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 7, khi lu\u1eadt H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u1ea5m u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u.<\/p>\n\n<p>Trong khi bia tr\u1edf n\u00ean k\u00e9m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, th\u00ec bia l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh \u1edf B\u1eafc \u00c2u. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch n\u1ea5u bia, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1eb7n bia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh g\u1ed1m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Celt.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t minh ra quy tr\u00ecnh n\u1ea5u bia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, bao g\u1ed3m qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ee7 m\u1ea7m v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t. Quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i bia ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">## Lu\u1eadt Reinheitsgebot<\/h2>\n\n<p>N\u0103m 1516, C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Wilhelm IV x\u1ee9 Bayern \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh Reinheitsgebot, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;lu\u1eadt tinh khi\u1ebft&#8221;. Lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a bia ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch, hoa bia v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Reinheitsgebot v\u1eabn c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn bia \u0110\u1ee9c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">## C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i bia kh\u00e1c nhau<\/h2>\n\n<p>C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i bia kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u00f9i th\u01a1m \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o ri\u00eang. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i bia ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Bia l\u00ean men tr\u00ean:<\/strong> Bia l\u00ean men tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i men l\u00ean men tr\u00ean ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n. Bia l\u00ean men tr\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 h\u01a1n bia l\u00ean men d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bia l\u00ean men d\u01b0\u1edbi:<\/strong> Bia l\u00ean men d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i men l\u00ean men d\u01b0\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Bia l\u00ean men d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb gi\u00f2n v\u00e0 s\u1ea3ng kho\u00e1i h\u01a1n bia l\u00ean men tr\u00ean.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bia \u0111en:<\/strong> Bia \u0111en l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i bia s\u1eabm m\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch rang. Bia \u0111en th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1ch nha \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0.<\/li>\n<li><strong>IPA:<\/strong> IPA l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i bia c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u hoa bia, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng v\u00e0 th\u01a1m. IPA l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau th\u00edch bia th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bia l\u00faa m\u00ec:<\/strong> Bia l\u00faa m\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb m\u1ea1ch nha l\u00faa m\u00ec, mang l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u1ea3ng kho\u00e1i. Bia l\u00faa m\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 k\u00e8m v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u00e1t chanh ho\u1eb7c cam.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">## Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a bia<\/h2>\n\n<p>Bia c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh tim:<\/strong> Bia c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng oxy h\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tim kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u1ef5:<\/strong> Bia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ea1 huy\u1ebft \u00e1p v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee5c m\u00e1u \u0111\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c:<\/strong> Bia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n tr\u00ed nh\u1edb v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed nh\u1edb.<\/li>\n<li><strong>X\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eafc kh\u1ecfe h\u01a1n:<\/strong> Bia c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a silic, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a x\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">## V\u0103n h\u00f3a bia<\/h2>\n\n<p>Bia kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng; bia c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Bia th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian vui v\u1ebb v\u00e0 t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Bia c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f3n \u0103n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u00e1nh m\u00ec bia v\u00e0 s\u00fap ph\u00f4 mai bia.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">## T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a bia<\/h2>\n\n<p>Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p bia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn. T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p bia t\u1ea1o ra doanh thu h\u00e0ng n\u0103m h\u01a1n 250 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cho h\u01a1n 2 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">## N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn &#8220;H\u00e0nh tinh bia&#8221; c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, kh\u1ea9u v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o?<\/h2>\n\n<p>V\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i bia kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m bia th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gh\u00e9 th\u0103m m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia sau:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>B\u1ec9:<\/strong> B\u1ec9 l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i bia, bao g\u1ed3m bia tu vi\u1ec7n, bia lambic v\u00e0 bia tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u1ee9c:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ee9c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i bia Reinheitsgebot, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7 theo lu\u1eadt tinh khi\u1ebft nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anh Qu\u1ed1c:<\/strong> Anh Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u phong c\u00e1ch bia ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, bao g\u1ed3m bia bia v\u00e0ng, bia \u0111en v\u00e0 IPA.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hoa K\u1ef3:<\/strong> Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t bia th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y bia \u1edf m\u1ecdi ti\u1ec3u bang.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n ch\u1ecdn \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i bia m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n y\u00eau th\u00edch. V\u1eady h\u00e3y n\u00e2ng ly v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>## L\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a bia ## Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a bia Bia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 c\u1ed3n l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[130],"tags":[2471,27,6961,6960,63],"class_list":["post-3705","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-food-and-drink","tag-beer","tag-history","tag-alcohol","tag-brewing","tag-culture"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3705","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3705"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3705\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3706,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3705\/revisions\/3706"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3705"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3705"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3705"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}