{"id":3729,"date":"2021-02-26T07:23:36","date_gmt":"2021-02-26T07:23:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=3729"},"modified":"2021-02-26T07:23:36","modified_gmt":"2021-02-26T07:23:36","slug":"mothers-of-gynecology-honoring-the-enslaved-women-exploited-in-medical-experiments","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/medical-history\/mothers-of-gynecology-honoring-the-enslaved-women-exploited-in-medical-experiments\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5 khoa: t\u00f4n vinh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5 khoa: t\u00f4n vinh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a y h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c y t\u1ebf<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1800, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5 khoa” \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u1ed7i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 J. Marion Sims, m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129 da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean h\u1ecd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00e0y, bao g\u1ed3m Anarcha, Betsey v\u00e0 Lucy, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u00e0 nh\u1ee5c nh\u00e3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m \u0111au.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Sims<\/h2>\n\n

Sims tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn cao h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00e0y, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 h\u1ebft l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang Anarcha \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 30 cu\u1ed9c ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Sims.<\/p>\n\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t<\/h2>\n\n

Sims kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 da tr\u1eafng duy nh\u1ea5t khai th\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u y h\u1ecdc. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0 19, nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m y t\u1ebf c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd. Nh\u1eefng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c y h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n

Ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c trong ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe<\/h2>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c y t\u1ebf v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da \u0111en ng\u00e0y nay. C\u00e1c b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 da \u0111en c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn thai k\u1ef3, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 sinh con t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u1ec1n y h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n

T\u00f4n vinh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5 khoa<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2019, m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Montgomery, Alabama, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n vinh nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5 khoa. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i do ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 Michelle Browder t\u1ea1o ra, kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda ba b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Anarcha, Betsey v\u00e0 Lucy. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u1eed cung tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt s\u1eafc nh\u1ecdn, \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i n\u1ed7i \u0111au v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n

Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong ng\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5 khoa<\/h2>\n\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eb1m th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c trong ng\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5 khoa. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2020, m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m chuy\u00ean gia, bao g\u1ed3m Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng S\u1ea3n ph\u1ee5 khoa Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 chung th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5 khoa.<\/p>\n\n

S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h2>\n\n

T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Michelle Browder v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c xung quanh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c y t\u1ebf l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i. Ch\u00fang th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng hy sinh th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5 khoa: t\u00f4n vinh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a y h\u1ecdc Nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7010],"tags":[1434,3034,7007,7008,7009],"class_list":["post-3729","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-medical-history","tag-black-history","tag-art-and-activism","tag-mothers-of-gynecology","tag-medical-racism","tag-womens-health"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3729","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3729"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3729\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3730,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3729\/revisions\/3730"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3729"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3729"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3729"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}