{"id":3994,"date":"2022-01-28T16:19:13","date_gmt":"2022-01-28T16:19:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=3994"},"modified":"2022-01-28T16:19:13","modified_gmt":"2022-01-28T16:19:13","slug":"peter-mark-roget-from-napoleonic-captive-to-lexicographical-genius","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/life\/history\/peter-mark-roget-from-napoleonic-captive-to-lexicographical-genius\/","title":{"rendered":"Peter Mark Roget: T\u1eeb t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Napol\u00e9on \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u00ean t\u00e0i t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc"},"content":{"rendered":"

Peter Mark Roget: T\u1eeb t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Napol\u00e9on \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u00ean t\u00e0i t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u<\/h2>\n\n

Peter Mark Roget sinh n\u0103m 1779, l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Anh. Roget s\u1edbm b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc y khoa t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Edinburgh. Sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p, \u00f4ng d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m l\u00e0m b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh, nh\u01b0ng ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n

Grand Tour v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian b\u1ecb Napol\u00e9on b\u1eaft gi\u1eef<\/h2>\n\n

N\u0103m 1802, Roget b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ebfn Grand Tour v\u00f2ng quanh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, m\u1ed9t nghi l\u1ec5 d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean Anh gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. \u00d4ng \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi hai thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean, Burton v\u00e0 Nathaniel Philips, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 cha \u0111\u00e3 thu\u00ea Roget l\u00e0m gia s\u01b0 cho h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n

B\u1ed9 ba \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng \u1edf Paris, n\u01a1i h\u1ecd ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte. H\u1ecd b\u1ecb v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y quy\u1ebfn r\u0169, nh\u01b0ng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb c\u1eaft ng\u1eafn khi Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5 ra chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1803. Napol\u00e9on \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Anh tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean 18 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef nh\u01b0 t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\n\n

Roget v\u00e0 anh em nh\u00e0 Philips b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t \u1edf Geneva, n\u01a1i b\u1ecb Napol\u00e9on s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp. Roget \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng. Tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh b\u1ecb giam c\u1ea7m, Roget \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u t\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 gia s\u01b0, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u xin c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf.<\/p>\n\n

Tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn Neuch\u00e2tel<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00ec anh em nh\u00e0 Philips c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Napol\u00e9on, n\u00ean Roget \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn Li\u00ean bang Th\u1ee5y S\u0129. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng: thay \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n

Cha c\u1ee7a Roget l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Geneva, v\u00e0 Roget \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea5y r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 di s\u1ea3n Geneva n\u00e0y, Roget \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 v\u1edbi anh em nh\u00e0 Philips \u1edf Neuch\u00e2tel.<\/p>\n\n

Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Anh v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i khoa h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n\n

Roget v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1eadu h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Anh, n\u01a1i Roget ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1ee3t logarit m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra.<\/p>\n\n

N\u0103m 1814, Roget \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Ho\u00e0ng gia London. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m khoa h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n trong lo\u1ea1t s\u00e1ch Bridgewater Treatises.<\/p>\n\n

S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra Thesaurus<\/h2>\n\n

Sau khi t\u1eeb b\u1ecf y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1849, Roget chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sang c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef. \u00d4ng lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch kho\u1ea3ng 15.000 t\u1eeb trong th\u1eddi ni\u00ean thi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n

Trong ba n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, Roget \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh s\u00e1u danh m\u1ee5c bao qu\u00e1t, bao g\u1ed3m “v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t”, “tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7” v\u00e0 “\u00fd ch\u00ed”. \u00d4ng s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fang d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n

Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n<\/h2>\n\n

T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a (Thesaurus) c\u1ee7a Roget \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1853 v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cung c\u1ea5p chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Roget, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n\n

Roget \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t h\u01a1n hai ch\u1ee5c \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n in b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong 16 n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo. \u00d4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1869, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 90.<\/p>\n\n

T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Peter Mark Roget v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch tham kh\u1ea3o quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong ti\u1ebfng Anh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho thi\u00ean t\u00e0i v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Peter Mark Roget: T\u1eeb t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Napol\u00e9on \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u00ean t\u00e0i t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u Peter Mark Roget sinh n\u0103m 1779, l\u00e0 con…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[767],"tags":[7432,7431,2622,7430,7429,7433],"class_list":["post-3994","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history","tag-captivity","tag-napoleon","tag-language","tag-lexicography","tag-thesaurus","tag-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3994","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3994"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3994\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3995,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3994\/revisions\/3995"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3994"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3994"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3994"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}