{"id":4056,"date":"2024-05-24T14:31:25","date_gmt":"2024-05-24T14:31:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=4056"},"modified":"2024-05-24T14:31:25","modified_gmt":"2024-05-24T14:31:25","slug":"why-we-talk-so-much-nonsense-the-science-of-bullshitting","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/psychology\/why-we-talk-so-much-nonsense-the-science-of-bullshitting\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady?<\/h2>\n\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t<\/h2>\n\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00edch ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt l\u00fd tr\u00ed, coi tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00fd l\u1ebd. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0, \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t”.<\/p>\n\n

Chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn giao ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 \u00edt ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \/ ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a, logic, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp”. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ecba ra m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n

T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t?<\/h2>\n\n

Theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00f3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t:<\/p>\n\n

    \n
  1. \u00c1p l\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i:<\/strong> Khi ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecba ra \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n
  2. Thi\u1ebfu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ebd n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

    T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t<\/h2>\n\n

    Chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n c\u00f4ng khai v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng tin sai l\u1ec7ch, m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n\n

    L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t<\/h2>\n\n

    Tin t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Khi ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1edd, h\u00e3y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111ang n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n\n

    M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u1ea1y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. Khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecb l\u1eeba b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n\n

    S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t<\/h2>\n\n

    M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, \u00edt th\u00f4ng minh, c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb “nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3” (tin r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t) th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n

    Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t<\/h2>\n\n

    T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t. Khi ch\u00fang ta suy ngh\u0129 ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 l\u00fd l\u1ebd. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 theo \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a \u0111en, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1i th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n

    T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1eadu s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/h2>\n\n

    Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin sai l\u1ec7ch tr\u00e0n lan, vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00f4ng tin d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n

    Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ed5 sung<\/h2>\n\n

    Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng cao h\u01a1n th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3 cao h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, \u00edt th\u00f4ng minh, c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb “nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3” th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n

    Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u1eeba b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 do chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t g\u00e2y ra.<\/p>\n\n

    C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t<\/h2>\n\n

    D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eb9o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t:<\/p>\n\n

      \n
    • Ch\u1ec9 ra cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111ang b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t.<\/li>\n
    • Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng.<\/li>\n
    • Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n
    • Ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb qu\u00e1 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt.<\/li>\n
    • Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1.<\/li>\n
    • \u0110\u1eebng ng\u1ea1i th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1edd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

      B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng m\u1eb9o n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed h\u01a1n.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00edch ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":23510,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[100],"tags":[7508,502,97,7506,1237,7507],"class_list":["post-4056","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-psychology","tag-evidence-based-reasoning","tag-communication","tag-science","tag-bullshit","tag-psychology","tag-critical-thinking"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4056","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4056"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4056\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4057,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4056\/revisions\/4057"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23510"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4056"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4056"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4056"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}