{"id":4195,"date":"2022-11-14T09:27:42","date_gmt":"2022-11-14T09:27:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=4195"},"modified":"2022-11-14T09:27:42","modified_gmt":"2022-11-14T09:27:42","slug":"yellowstone-national-park-hydrothermal-explosions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/earth-sciences\/yellowstone-national-park-hydrothermal-explosions\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia Yellowstone: \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng phun tr\u00e0o th\u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7t"},"content":{"rendered":"

C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c gia Yellowstone: \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng phun tr\u00e0o th\u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n\n

Phun tr\u00e0o th\u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7t: M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c gia Yellowstone n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p, nh\u01b0ng \u1ea9n s\u00e2u b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n: phun tr\u00e0o th\u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng do magma t\u00edch t\u1ee5 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t, khi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh quan nh\u00f4 l\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa ng\u1ef1a v\u00f2ng xoay. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 phun tr\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n

D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o phun tr\u00e0o s\u1eafp x\u1ea3y ra<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c g\u00e2y ra phun tr\u00e0o th\u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o. M\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Khi magma v\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00edch t\u1ee5 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u00f4 l\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng h\u01a1i m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc phun tr\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n

Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 du kh\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean li\u00ean t\u1ee5c theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean. H\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m \u0111o bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f2 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh radar v\u1ec7 tinh. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap h\u1ecd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 phun tr\u00e0o th\u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda.<\/p>\n\n

\u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ed3ng l\u00ean: M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Yellowstone l\u00e0 “\u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ed3ng l\u00ean” \u1edf \u0111\u00e1y H\u1ed3 Yellowstone. S\u1ef1 ph\u00ecnh to r\u1ed9ng 640 m\u00e9t, cao 30 m\u00e9t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 do h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c carbon dioxide t\u00edch t\u1ee5 b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng h\u1ed3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan ng\u1ea1i v\u00ec n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc theo m\u1ed9t v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t, m\u1ed9t v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t tr\u00ean l\u1edbp v\u1ecf Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho ph\u00e9p \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u00edch t\u1ee5 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n

C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o th\u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Yellowstone trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 tr\u0169ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00ean cao t\u1edbi n\u0103m km. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 carbon c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed7 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u1eeb 3.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 14.000 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n

Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p an to\u00e0n<\/h2>\n\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, Yellowstone \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gia t\u0103ng, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng h\u01a1i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc phun tr\u00e0o. N\u0103m 2003, m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n l\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng h\u01a1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra d\u1ecdc theo m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i 70 m\u00e9t \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Norris Basin, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh th\u1ee7y tinh d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9t. N\u0103m 2014, c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc phun tr\u00e0o \u1edf Norris Basin b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u phun tr\u00e0o v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t trong khu v\u1ef1c t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt.<\/p>\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n cho du kh\u00e1ch, c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m l\u00e2m c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 phun tr\u00e0o th\u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7t. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ven \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f2 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n.<\/p>\n\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c gia Yellowstone l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 quy\u1ebfn r\u0169, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng phun tr\u00e0o th\u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7t. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 quan ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 du kh\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n n\u00e0y.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c gia Yellowstone: \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng phun tr\u00e0o th\u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7t Phun tr\u00e0o th\u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7t: M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c gia…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[728],"tags":[4682,207,7695,572,1974,7696],"class_list":["post-4195","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-earth-sciences","tag-yellowstone-national-park","tag-geology","tag-hydrothermal-explosions","tag-earth-science","tag-volcanology","tag-natural-hazards"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4195","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4195"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4195\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4196,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4195\/revisions\/4196"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4195"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4195"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4195"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}