{"id":4495,"date":"2024-06-16T06:21:31","date_gmt":"2024-06-16T06:21:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=4495"},"modified":"2024-06-16T06:21:31","modified_gmt":"2024-06-16T06:21:31","slug":"thomas-henry-huxley-and-the-dinosaur-bird-connection","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/biology\/thomas-henry-huxley-and-the-dinosaur-bird-connection\/","title":{"rendered":"Thomas Henry Huxley v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa kh\u1ee7ng long v\u00e0 chim"},"content":{"rendered":"

Thomas Henry Huxley v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa kh\u1ee7ng long v\u00e0 chim<\/h2>\n\n

Ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i chim<\/h2>\n\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 say m\u00ea v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Trong s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, Thomas Henry Huxley gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt. Huxley \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa kh\u1ee7ng long v\u00e0 chim, m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00ean Huxley<\/h2>\n\n

H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Huxley v\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi Charles Darwin, cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Darwin, “Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i”, Huxley \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang Huxley v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Darwin \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n

Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m thay th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Huxley<\/h2>\n\n

Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Darwin, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean di\u1ec5n ra d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n qua m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, Huxley \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “\u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt”. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Huxley trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n

M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa kh\u1ee7ng long v\u00e0 chim<\/h2>\n\n

Huxley \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa kh\u1ee7ng long v\u00e0 chim. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. L\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ernst Haeckel, Huxley b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ee7ng long l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a chim.<\/p>\n\n

B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/h2>\n\n

Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Huxley \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng con kh\u1ee7ng long c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng v\u0169, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Sinosauropteryx v\u00e0 Kh\u1ee7ng long nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. Nh\u1eefng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00f3m, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Huxley.<\/p>\n\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i chim<\/h2>\n\n

Theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Huxley, lo\u00e0i chim \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i kh\u1ee7ng long \u0103n th\u1ecbt nh\u1ecf. Nh\u1eefng con kh\u1ee7ng long n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng chim, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u00f4ng v\u0169, c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eb9. Theo th\u1eddi gian, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u00edch nghi n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang bay l\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh<\/h2>\n\n

Huxley nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb kh\u1ee7ng long sang chim. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong “th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t”, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Huxley<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Huxley v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa kh\u1ee7ng long v\u00e0 chim l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 l\u1edbn trong khoa h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady cho s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Huxley v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho d\u1ea1ng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o trong ng\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Huxley. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eabu v\u1eadt kh\u1ee7ng long c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng v\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y. Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u00fang ta th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng chim kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a kh\u1ee7ng long m\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng long.<\/p>\n\n

T\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Huxley<\/h2>\n\n

N\u1ebfu Huxley c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u00f4ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa kh\u1ee7ng long v\u00e0 chim. V\u00f4 s\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc th\u00eam s\u1ef1 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a phi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lo\u00e0i chim.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Thomas Henry Huxley v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa kh\u1ee7ng long v\u00e0 chim Ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i chim Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":23672,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[288],"tags":[930,2546,137,134,8158,136],"class_list":["post-4495","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biology","tag-birds","tag-natural-selection","tag-paleontology","tag-dinosaurs","tag-thomas-henry-huxley","tag-evolution"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4495","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4495"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4495\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4496,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4495\/revisions\/4496"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23672"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4495"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4495"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4495"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}