H\u00e0ng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 qua, th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. \u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Doanh Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n binh l\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t nung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng con s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00ec ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n sau khi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i n\u00e0y trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n
C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 kim, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Sir Isaac Newton, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng bi\u1ebfn ch\u00ec th\u00e0nh v\u00e0ng th\u00f4ng qua H\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 Ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i. Th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 giang mai.<\/p>\n\n
V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong ng\u00e0nh l\u00e0m m\u0169. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m m\u0169 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nitrat th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch l\u00f4ng ra kh\u1ecfi da \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, khi\u1ebfn l\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u cam v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf h\u01a1n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nhu\u1ed9m m\u00e0u, khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m m\u0169 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n cao, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “B\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m m\u0169 \u0111i\u00ean”. C\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a B\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m m\u0169 \u0111i\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m run r\u1ea9y, c\u00e1u k\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n
Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 v\u1edbi “V\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9c Minamata”. T\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n V\u1ecbnh Minamata, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o v\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ngu\u1ed3n c\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0103n ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1 b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh th\u1ea7n kinh nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh Minamata. C\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh Minamata bao g\u1ed3m v\u1ea5p ng\u00e3, kh\u00f3 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e0i c\u00fac \u00e1o, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nu\u1ed1t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 run r\u1ea9y kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n
Ng\u00e0y nay, th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, bao g\u1ed3m pin, ch\u1ea5t tr\u00e1m r\u0103ng, s\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ef9 ph\u1ea9m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n \u0111ang d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf do nh\u1eefng lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe. C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Minamata, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 140 qu\u1ed1c gia k\u00fd k\u1ebft, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia k\u00fd k\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n than v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y xi m\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n
Th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 trong chu\u1ed7i th\u1ee9c \u0103n. Th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u01a1i n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 sinh h\u1ecdc theo chu\u1ed7i th\u1ee9c \u0103n, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u1edf nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 s\u0103n m\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n
Ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac. Ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn v\u1edbi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 bu\u1ed3n n\u00f4n, n\u00f4n v\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u1ea3y. Ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1edbi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea7n kinh, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 tim m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n
Th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn. Ng\u00e0y nay, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n \u0111ang d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf do nh\u1eefng lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n: Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n H\u00e0ng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 qua, th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebfn r\u0169…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":23760,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[97,27,283,3636,147],"class_list":["post-4579","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environmental-science","tag-science","tag-history","tag-environment","tag-mercury","tag-health"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4579","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4579"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4579\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4580,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4579\/revisions\/4580"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23760"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4579"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4579"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4579"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}