{"id":4756,"date":"2024-01-11T22:46:16","date_gmt":"2024-01-11T22:46:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=4756"},"modified":"2024-01-11T22:46:16","modified_gmt":"2024-01-11T22:46:16","slug":"remembering-bernice-sandler-godmother-of-title-ix","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/life\/education\/remembering-bernice-sandler-godmother-of-title-ix\/","title":{"rendered":"Bernice Sandler: The Trailblazing Advocate for Gender Equity in Education"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bernice Sandler: “B\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt IX”<\/h2>\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u<\/h2>\n\n

Bernice Sandler, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ecu m\u1ebfn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Bunny”, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ti\u00ean phong, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, khi theo \u0111u\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Maryland, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p thi\u00ean v\u1ecb v\u00ec gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc then ch\u1ed1t x\u1ea3y ra khi Sandler b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0 “qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef”. S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady trong b\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n\n

Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt IX<\/h2>\n\n

Sandler \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p 11246, s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u li\u00ean bang ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, m\u00e0u da, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch. B\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n

V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, Sandler \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. H\u1ecd c\u00f9ng nhau t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c v\u00ec h\u00e0nh vi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed trong tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n

Phi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt IX<\/h2>\n\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Sandler \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u00ea l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean cho \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n Edith Green, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec ti\u1ec3u ban v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. N\u0103m 1970, c\u00e1c phi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt IX, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o C\u00e1c tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u0103m 1972.<\/p>\n\n

\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt mang t\u00ednh b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt IX tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ai \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0o nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 thao.<\/p>\n\n

T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 thao<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt IX \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tham gia th\u1ec3 thao. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 26 n\u1eef sinh tham gia th\u1ec3 thao \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u1ee9 n\u0103m b\u00e9 g\u00e1i th\u00ec c\u00f3 hai b\u00e9 tham gia th\u1ec3 thao.<\/p>\n\n

Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt IX, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c trong khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n

C\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9<\/h2>\n\n

Sandler nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng. Sau khi \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt IX \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp D\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/h2>\n\n

S\u1ef1 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Bernice Sandler trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00ec gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 phai m\u1edd trong n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Hoa K\u1ef3. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ea3nh danh v\u1ecdng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00ec b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n

T\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Sandler cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007, Sandler \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt IX v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p”. B\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t gian nan.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bernice Sandler: “B\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt IX” Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u Bernice Sandler, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ecu m\u1ebfn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Bunny”, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1513],"tags":[8565,8567,170,2468,2715,8566],"class_list":["post-4756","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-education","tag-bernice-sandler","tag-gender-equity","tag-education","tag-womens-rights","tag-sports","tag-title-ix"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4756","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4756"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4756\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4757,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4756\/revisions\/4757"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4756"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4756"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4756"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}