{"id":4785,"date":"2023-01-14T19:23:54","date_gmt":"2023-01-14T19:23:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=4785"},"modified":"2023-01-14T19:23:54","modified_gmt":"2023-01-14T19:23:54","slug":"history-of-the-parachute","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/aviation-and-aerospace\/history-of-the-parachute\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00f9: T\u1eeb gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c"},"content":{"rendered":"

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a d\u00f9: T\u1eeb gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c<\/h2>\n\n

S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee9u sinh<\/h2>\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u00e1y bay c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh l\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Leonardo da Vinci \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 d\u00f9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc d\u00f9 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n

H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 Gleb Kotelnikov, m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t phi c\u00f4ng trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi mong mu\u1ed1n ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng tai n\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Kotelnikov \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Kotelnikov<\/h2>\n\n

Kotelnikov nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc d\u00f9 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edf ra trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m m\u0169 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m d\u00f9 v\u00e0 th\u1eaft l\u01b0ng d\u00f9, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo ki\u1ec3u ba l\u00f4.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1911, Kotelnikov \u0111\u00e3 cho ra m\u1eaft chi\u1ebfc d\u00f9 RK-1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ba l\u00f4 c\u1ee9ng ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1n d\u00f9 g\u1ea5p. Chi\u1ebfc d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng d\u00e2y \u0111ai v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf ra t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng d\u00e2y t\u0129nh ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u00e9o m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n

Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng RK-1 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nga, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng s\u1ebd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u00e1y bay c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh qu\u00e1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Kh\u00f4ng n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng, Kotelnikov \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, n\u01a1i n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hoan ngh\u00eanh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.<\/p>\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Kotelnikov. Khi ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng, Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u do phi c\u00f4ng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m James Floyd Smith v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3ng th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh Leslie Irvin d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 d\u00f9. Smith \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf cho m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc d\u00f9 “ki\u1ec3u t\u1ef1 do hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i” c\u00f3 d\u00e2y gi\u1eadt m\u1edf b\u1eb1ng tay, trong khi Irvin ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i m\u1ec1m d\u1ec5 mang theo v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1919, Irvin tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1ea3y th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1eeb m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng tay. Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u00f9 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau chi\u1ebfn tranh<\/h2>\n\n

Sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u00f9, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a D\u00f9 m\u00e1y bay lo\u1ea1i A. Chi\u1ebfc d\u00f9 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng theo Life Pack c\u1ee7a Smith, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1n d\u00f9 b\u1eb1ng l\u1ee5a, m\u1ed9t ba l\u00f4 m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2y gi\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n

C\u00f4ng ty Irvin Airchute c\u1ee7a Irvin \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00f9 d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 d\u00f9 ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 gh\u1ebf ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65 n\u00e2ng cao t\u00ednh an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a d\u00f9.<\/p>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi<\/h2>\n\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb an to\u00e0n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y d\u00f9. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u00f9 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee9u sinh l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh nh\u01b0 Gleb Kotelnikov, James Floyd Smith v\u00e0 Leslie Irvin.<\/p>\n\n

D\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m qua, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u00f9 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb chi\u1ebfc d\u00f9 ba l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00e1n d\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t, d\u00f9 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a d\u00f9: T\u1eeb gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee9u sinh Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u00e1y bay c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh l\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[597],"tags":[8611,41,8612,2888],"class_list":["post-4785","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-aviation-and-aerospace","tag-parachute","tag-aviation-history","tag-life-saving-invention","tag-human-ingenuity"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4785","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4785"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4785\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4786,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4785\/revisions\/4786"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4785"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4785"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4785"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}