{"id":686,"date":"2024-04-29T21:31:13","date_gmt":"2024-04-29T21:31:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=686"},"modified":"2024-04-29T21:31:13","modified_gmt":"2024-04-29T21:31:13","slug":"exploring-ultracold-physics-quest-for-absolute-zero","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/physics\/exploring-ultracold-physics-quest-for-absolute-zero\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u01a1i l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5: Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u01a1i l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5: Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/h2>\n\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn b\u1edfi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o n\u1eefa. Trong khi \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh, m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u1eadt l\u00fd si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh: M\u1ed9t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi<\/h2>\n\n<p>V\u1eadt l\u00fd si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. \u1ede nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 si\u00eau d\u1eabn v\u00e0 si\u00eau l\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 Bose-Einstein (BEC)<\/h2>\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00fa v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 Bose-Einstein (BEC). BEC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Si\u00eau d\u1eabn v\u00e0 si\u00eau l\u1ecfng<\/h2>\n\n<p>D\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh si\u00eau d\u1eabn, m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh si\u00eau l\u1ecfng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea3y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ma s\u00e1t qua c\u00e1c k\u00eanh nh\u1ecf. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t<\/h2>\n\n<p>V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Massachusetts \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c l\u00e0 810 ph\u1ea7n ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. C\u00e1i l\u1ea1nh c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eef c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed natri trong m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u00f9m tia laser \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L\u00e0m ch\u1eadm \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 tin<\/h2>\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd kh\u00e1c trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 d\u1eebng h\u1eb3n. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m tia laser qua BEC, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n v\u00e0i d\u1eb7m m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 quang h\u1ecdc ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c<\/h2>\n\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i BEC, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng \u0111ang kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh. \u1ede Ph\u1ea7n Lan, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed rhodium, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi BEC.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh<\/h2>\n\n<p>Trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh, h\u1ecd th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh<\/h2>\n\n<p>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Si\u00eau d\u1eabn:<\/strong> Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a BEC \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 quang h\u1ecdc:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u1eadm \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb quang h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Trong khi \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft, nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>N\u01a1i l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5: Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh Cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn b\u1edfi&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[965],"tags":[1666,1667,1670,1669,1668,1665],"class_list":["post-686","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-physics","tag-absolute-zero","tag-bose-einstein-condensates","tag-quantum-phenomena","tag-superfluidity","tag-superconductivity","tag-ultracold-physics"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/686","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=686"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/686\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":687,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/686\/revisions\/687"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=686"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=686"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=686"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}